一种未见报道过的厌氧氨氧化微生物的鉴定及其活性分析

采用完全混合连续流反应器,以硝化污泥为种泥进行厌养氨氧化微生物的富集培养,在培养的第40 d就具有了明显的厌氧氨氧化活性,在200d时活性达到2160 mg·g-1·d-1(NH4 -N,以VSS计).采用分子生物学手段对培养得到的微生物进行鉴定,确定其为一种尚未被报道的可进行厌氧氨氧化反应的细菌.实验证明培养得到的厌氧氨氧化微生物是以NO2--N为电子受体进行反应,NO3--N不能直接被该厌氧氨氧化微生物利用;反应的适宜pH范围为7～8左右;无机碳源对其厌氧氨氧化活性有很大的影响,在缺少无机碳源时活性几乎被完全抑制.     

Element background levels in soils of Liaohe River Plain

Soil background contents of a number of elements of different soil groups, sub-groups and genus on Liaohe River Plain were investigated. It appeared that: the background levels for most elements studied were around the lower limits of the world's averages, variation coefficients of the background content values were from 0.3-0.5 and the element migration coefficients were between 0.9 and 1.0. It was found that the element background contents in soils of eastern and southern parts of the area were generally higher than that of western and northern parts.     

海洋环境中多环芳烃的微生物降解研究进展

多环芳烃 (PAHs)是一类广泛分布于海洋环境中的含有两个苯环以上的有毒有害污染物 ,主要来源于人类活动和能源利用过程 ,如石油、煤、木材等的燃烧过程 ,石油及石油化工产品的生产过程 ,海上通过地面径流、污水排放及机动车辆等燃料不完全燃烧后的废气随大气颗粒的沉降进入海洋环境中 .由于多环芳烃的潜在毒性、致癌性及致畸诱变作用[1,2 ] ,通过生物累积及食物链的传递作用 ,给海洋生物、生态环境和人体健康带来极大危害 ,已引起各国环境科学家的极大重视 .美国环保局在上世纪 80年代把 16种未带分支的多环芳烃确定为环境中的优先污染物[…     

氯乙酰胺类除草剂微生物降解研究进展

主要介绍了几种氯乙酰胺类除草剂的微生物降解机制和相关降解酶．目前没有一种纯菌培养物或混合菌群能完全矿化异丙甲草胺和甲草胺，它们只能被细菌和真菌共代谢．毒草胺能被纯菌或混合菌群完全矿化，且有几种不同的矿化途径．乙草胺是我国生产量和使用量最多的三大除草剂之一，然而关于其微生物降解方面的研究在国内外报道的非常少，因此关于乙草胺被微生物降解和矿化的研究工作还有待于进一步加强．参45     

五种农药对三唑酮光解的影响

本文研究了氯氰菊酸，溴氰菊酯，多菌灵，γ－六六六及辛硫磷等五种农药对杀菌剂三唑酮光化学降解的影响，当三唑酮分别与这五种农药以等剂量混合光照后，三唑酮的光解速度加快１．４４－２．４２倍，表现了较强的光敏降解效应，其敏化光解效率我照时间延长而逐渐提高，当三唑酮分别与这五种农药以２：１剂量比混合光照后，仅溴氰菊酯．多菌灵表现敏化降解效应，而氯氰菊酯，γ－六六六及辛硫磷则显示光猝灭降解效应，五种农药对三唑     

脂肪腈化物的微生物降解

从长期被腈化物污染的土壤中，筛选到３株对腈化物化物降解能力很强的细菌，分别为霍夫曼棒杆菌（Ｃｏｒｙｎｅｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｈｏｆｆｍａｎｉｉ Ｂ－２１）、微黄色节杆菌（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｆｌａｖｅｓｃｅｎｓ Ｂ－２２）和克雷伯氏杆菌（Ｋｌｅｂｓｉｅｌｌａ ｓｐ．Ｐ－２１）。该菌可将乙腈（Ａｃｅｔｏｎｉｔｒｉｌｅ）、丙腈（Ｐｒｏｐｉｏｎｉｔｒｉｌｅ）、丁腈（Ｂｕｔｙｒｏｎｉｔｒｉｌｅ）和丙烯     

中国土地荒漠化／土地退化的防治与环境保护

荒漠化是当今全球最严重的环境问题之一。结合中国国情来看，荒漠化不仅发生于干旱、半干旱地区；也发生于湿润、半湿润地区。中国已存在的荒漠化土地面积１１１．７万ｋｍ￣２，占国土面积的１１．６％；其中风力作用、水蚀作用和物理及化学作用下的荒漠化土地约各占１／３。另外中国还有易受风力和水力作用影响的潜在荒漠化土地５３．５万ｋｍ￣２和８７．５万ｋｍ￣２，潜在盐渍化土地１７．３万ｋｍ￣２。中国土地荒漠化是在脆弱生态条件下，人口过快增长，人为不合理的经营活动如水资源利用不当、过度开垦、过度放牧、过度樵采，以及工矿建设造成的土地与植被破坏、环境污染等所致，对它的防治实质上就是对退化环境的整治。中国荒漠化土地经过近几十年来的治理，个别地区有所好转，但总体上仍在发展中，因而它是环境保护与持续发展中的重要问题，必须引起重视。在总结中国防治荒漠化经验的基础上，提出了防治荒漠化的基本对策。     

好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

在不同接种源污泥颗粒化过程中污泥理化性状对比研究的基础上,采用成熟好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水,对其脱氮行为以及不同C/N条件下好氧颗粒污泥微生物的比耗氧速率、好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的比降解速率随时间的变化等进行了研究.实验结果表明,在进水氨氮质量浓度较高(480 mg/L)、温度30℃左右的条件下,稳定运行15 d,氨氮的去除率维持在85%左右;进水氨氮的浓度越高,随着微生物对环境的逐渐适应,硝化菌的活性也逐步增加;随着进水氨氮浓度的提高,好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的比降解速率也逐渐上升.     

Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils II. microbial response to plant roots and contaminant

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to understand the interaction between plants and microorganisms during petroleum-hydrocarbon bioremediation in Pacific Islands coastal soils. Total bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms population dyanamics were examined in the rhizospheres of tropical trees and shrubs, which were evaluated for their phytoremediation potential in a greenhouse experiment. The respective and combined effects of plant roots and diesel contaminant on the microbial populations were determined in relation to diesel fuel depletion. An increase in the grading populations size of the hydrocarbon-degrading populations of microbes, elicited by rhizodeposition, is generally regarded as conducive to an enhanced degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants in vegetated soil. METHODS: The soil was a coastal sandy loam (pH 7.8) which was artificially contaminated with 10 g of No. 2 diesel fuel/kg soil or left uncontaminated. The pots were irrigated with fertilizer and 1% NaCl. The enumerations were carried out in the contaminated and uncontaminated rhizospheres of three trees, kiawe (Prosopis pallida), milo (Thespesia populnea), and kou (Cordia subcordata) and three shrubs, beach naupaka (Scaevola sericea), false sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense), and oleander (Nerium oleander). Unplanted control soils were included in the experiment. Total bacteria and phenanthrene-degrading bacteria were enumerated on plates. Diesel- and pristane-degrading microorganisms were enumerated by the most-probable-number technique in tissue-culture plates. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: All four types of microorganisms responded to the rhizosphere of the 6 plants in uncontaminated soil and to the diesel contaminant in unplanted soil. In contaminated rhizospheres, no effect of the plant on the hydrocarbon-degrader numbers was visible. Total bacteria responded more to the plant roots than to the contaminant. The phenanthrene-degrading bacteria and pristane-degrading microorganisms were more influenced by the contaminant than by the plants. The diesel-degrading microorganisms were equally stimulated by the plants and the contaminant. The numbers of hydrocarbon degraders were similar in the contaminated rhizospheres of the three effective plants (kiawe, kou, and milo) and in those of the three ineffective shrubs. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the quality of the rhizodeposition is plant-dependent and governs the type of diesel-degrader populations that will be enhanced by a given plant. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In the proposed phytoremediation-benefit model plant roots maintain high levels of hydrocaron degraders in uncontaminated soil. When the root enters a contaminated zone of soil, those hydrocarbon degraders that prefer the contaminant would switch to the contaminant as a carbon source, effectively removing the hydrocarbons. If the root exudates and the contaminant are equally attractive to the hydrocarbon degraders, the contaminant degradaton would be less effective.