Atrazine,chlorpyrifos, and iprodione effect on the biodiversity of bacteria,actinomycetes, and fungi in a pilot biopurification system with a green cover

The use of biopurification systems can mitigate the effects of pesticide contamination on farms. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pesticide dissipation on microbial communities in a pilot biopurification system. The pesticide dissipation of atrazine, chlorpyrifos and iprodione (35 mg kg^?1 active ingredient [a.i.]) and biological activity were determined for 40 days. The microbial communities (bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi) were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In general, pesticide dissipation was the highest by day 5 and reached 95%. The pesticides did not affect biological activity during the experiment. The structure of the actinomycete and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere was more stable during the evaluation than that in the communities in the control without pesticides. The rhizosphere fungal communities, detected using DGGE, showed small and transitory shifts with time. To conclude, rhizosphere microbial communities were not affected during pesticide dissipation in a pilot biopurification system.     

多环芳烃光解活性的量子化学研究

应用量子化学从头算HF／6-311 G(d)和B3LYP／6-311 G(d)方法计算了16种PAHs的多种量子化学参数,选取六种参数为分子结构的描述符,采用最小二乘法对16种PAHs的光解半衰期进行逐步多元线性回归分析,得到两个PAHs光解半衰期的QSAR模型,模型具有较高的相关系数,可有效地用于预测PAHs的光解半衰期,结果表明,HF方法所得模型优于B3LYP方法所得的模型,所得模型与基于半经验PM3算法的QSAR模型相比较,HF从头算方法所建立的QSAR模型比半经验PM3算法的结果要好,在所考查的诸多参数中,分子最高占有轨道特征值EHOMO对PAHs光解半衰期起着决定作用,最后,运用所得模型预测了3种PAHs的光解半衰期。     

汞和硒对剑尾鱼Na+/K+-ATPase活性的影响

应用浸浴法研究汞(Hg)对剑尾鱼(XiphophorushelleriHeckel)鳃和肝脏Na /K ATPase活性的影响以及硒(Se)对机体Na /K ATPase汞中毒的保护作用.结果表明,Hg和Se对剑尾鱼96hLC50分别为0.84mg/L和6.64mg/L.Hg对剑尾鱼鳃和肝脏Na /K ATPase活性的影响相似,与对照组相比,处理d1时低浓度Hg组鳃和肝脏ATPase活性没有明显变化(P>0.05),但高浓度Hg组ATPase活性变化显著(P<0.05),至d3和d5时,酶活性均极显著下降(P<0.01),鱼鳃和肝脏酶活性分别下降32%和60%,表明Hg处理对鳃和肝脏Na /K ATPase活性具有抑制作用.单独加Se组鱼鳃和肝脏Na /K ATPase活性在d3和d5显著提高(P<0.01).Hg Se组与Hg组相比,酶活性有明显差异(P<0.05或P<0.01),Se对剑尾鱼Hg中毒具有保护作用.剑尾鱼鳃和肝细胞Na /K ATPase活性可作为对水环境汞污染效应环境风险评价(ERA)的有效生物学标记.表2参16     

麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白(curcin)的化学修饰与其活性的关系

通过无细胞体系蛋白合成抑制活性的测定,结合荧光光谱和圆二色谱技术,对麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白(cur-c in)部分氨基酸残基进行特异性化学修饰,探讨维持curc in活性的必需氨基酸基团及修饰对curc in结构的影响.结果表明,组氨酸和半胱氨酸的修饰对活性没有影响.色氨酸和赖氨酸的修饰使curc in的活性分别下降了50%和100%,表明色氨酸和赖氨酸是维持curc in活性的重要残基.精氨酸修饰导致curc in的抑制活性完全丧失,内源荧光强度下降,最大发射波长发生红移,CD谱发生显著变化;表明精氨酸也是维持curc in活性的必需残基,并且对空间结构影响较大,推测对精氨酸的修饰破坏了精氨酸与其它基团的连接,导致curc in分子结构发生改变,失去和底物结合的能力,因而活性丧失.图3表1参34     

腐殖酸存在下镉和铅对土壤脱氢酶活性的影响

采用室内培养试验研究Cd和Pb污染红壤添加不同组分腐殖酸后,其脱氢酶活性的变化,结果表明,红壤遭受镉和铅污染后,脱氢酶活性显著降低,然而腐殖酸特别是胡敏酸的存在能够使脱氢酶活性得到显著回升,说明腐殖酸与重金属的相互作用对重金属污染土壤微生物活性的改善和修复功能,对土壤有一定的去污降毒作用.不同腐殖酸组分的效应大小为:灰色胡敏酸(GHA)>棕色胡敏酸(BHA)>富里酸(FA),表明分子量愈大、芳构化程度愈高的腐殖酸组分,其对重金属的钝化愈强,从而解除土壤重金属对生物毒害的能力愈强.     

Tactics, effectiveness and avoidance of mate guarding in the blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii)

We examined the dynamics and avoidance of mate guarding, by males and females, in the blue-footed booby, in which the two social mates are usually simultaneously present on the territory but each of them is unmonitored by the other for one-quarter of its time. Both sexes were promiscuous and liable to switch mates. Cuckolded individuals did not increase their overall presence on the territory, but in response to the extra-pair (EP) courtships of their mates, both sexes doubled their rate of intra-pair (IP) courtship and sometimes showed aggression. The male or female's presence depressed the social mate's EP activity, but intra-pair courtship had no such effect, tending even to propitiate that EP activity. Similarly, when females responded to their social mates' EP courtship with approach or aggression, disruption of EP activity was short-lived. Promiscuous females modified their diurnal pattern of attendance, as if attempting to sidestep monitoring by their mates, but cuckolded males matched the modification. Both sexes tended to perform their EP activities at a distance when their mates were present, possibly to evade monitoring or disruption by their mates. Male and female boobies cannot monitor their mates continuously, they do little to facultatively adjust their presence on territory to the risk of infidelity, and their immediate responses to overt infidelity have only the briefest impact; but the information they acquire while monitoring their mates may be critical to constraining their mates' infidelity and also to calibrating their own reproductive investment.     

不同强度的声波对猕猴桃试管苗根系发育的影响

通过用不同强度的声波刺激中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)的组培试管苗，研究模拟声场的力学刺激对木本植物根系发育的生物学效应．结果表明：适度强度的声波刺激(100dB左右)可促进猕猴桃试管苗根系的生长发育，而根系质膜的通透性也相应降低以阻挡外界有害物质的侵入，使根系活力以及与之相关的根系总长、分根数等指标明显增强；但当声波强度超过一定范围后，对根系发育的促进效应就受到明显的抑制，当110dB时甚至开始抑制试管苗的根系发育．从细胞和分子生物学水平对环境应力影响根系发育的可能机理进行了讨论．图2表1参13     

低温生物膜和活性污泥的生物活性比较

通过 (5± 1)℃下生物膜系统 (BF)和活性污泥系统 (AS)处理生活污水长达 8个多月的运行 ,对比研究了两系统的生物活性 .结果表明 ,活性污泥不仅生物活性较高 ,而且具有更有利的传质条件 .在水力停留时间HRT =8h的条件下 ,生物膜和活性污泥胞外分泌物中的还原糖含量分别为 1.75 %及 1.9% ,挥发性污泥组分 (VSS)中的ATP含量分别为 1.0 8mg/ g及 1.4 3mg/g ;电镜检测结果表明 ,生物膜结构致密 ,而活性污泥疏松多孔有利于物质传递 .图 5表 2参 14     

蚯蚓活动对锌污染土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性的影响

以不同质量分数Zn污染高沙土为材料,研究在重金属污染土壤中,蚯蚓活动对土壤微生物数量和各种酶活性的影响。试验结果表明:Zn的加入使土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性降低,而对磷酸酶活性没有影响,加Zn量在300mg·kg-1以下时对微生物量碳有促进作用,高于该水平则表现为抑制作用。接种蚯蚓后,土壤细菌和放线菌的群落数明显提高,除各别处理外均达到显著差异,真菌数量没有变化;土壤磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶等酶活性也因接种蚯蚓而显著提高(p<0.05),随土壤Zn污染质量分数变化,蚯蚓对三种酶活性的影响趋势不同。蚯蚓活动对土壤酶活性的提高一定程度上缓解了重金属对酶的抑制作用。试验结果还表明蚯蚓活动显著提高了各处理土壤的NO3--N含量,相关散点图显示NO3--N含量和植物地上部生物量,地上部Zn质量分数及植物地上部Zn吸收总量间都有明显相关性(r=0.517,r=0.532,r=0.607)。试验初步验证了蚯蚓对Zn污染土壤中微生物和酶活性的改善作用。     

共生菌B1+B2聚乙烯醇降解酶活性优化研究

从PVA降解酶的角度对本实验室前期实验筛选到的共生菌B1 B2进行了研究.在考察共生菌的基本生长和酶活的关系以及PVA降解酶和氧化酶的关系后,研究了不同的营养条件对PVA降解酶活性的影响.通过对主要营养条件的单因素考察,设计正交实验,优化出影响PVA降解酶活性的最佳主要营养条件为酵母汁0.2gL-1、硝酸铵0.2gL-1、葡萄糖0.5gL-1.采用优化条件进行验证实验,PVA降解酶活性(1.61UmL-1)高于正交实验中的最高酶活(1.56UmL-1),研究结果对发酵生产PVA降解酶和提高该菌在PVA废水处理中的降解性能有一定的价值.图5表3参11