新型稠油原油污水高效破乳剂-PAMAM树形分子

通过保护与反保护的方法,合成了PAMAM稠油原污水高效破乳剂。探讨了原油废水的 pH值、温度,以及不同 PAMAM代数对稠油原油污水破乳效果的影响。联合无机高分子絮凝剂得了更好的效果。现场试验表明,PAMAM树形分子是一类性能优良的原油污水破乳剂。     

Selection of microalgae for high CO2 fixation efficiency and lipid accumulation from ten Chlorella strains using municipal wastewater

As significant differences in cellular physiology, metabolic potential and genetics occur among strains with morphological similarity, the screening of appropriate microalgae species for effective CO₂ fixation and biodiesel production is extremely critical. In this study, ten strains of Chlorella were cultivated in municipal wastewater influent (MWI) and their tolerance for MWI, CO₂ fixation efficiency and lipid productivity were assessed. The results showed that the biomass concentrations of four strains (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella 64.01, Chlorella regularis var. minima and Chlorella sp.) were significantly higher than other strains. When the cultivation systems were aerated with 10% CO₂, Chlorella sp. showed the highest CO₂ fixation efficiency (35.51%), while the highest lipid accumulation (58.48%) was observed with C. vulgaris. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the cells of both Chlorella sp. and C. vulgaris kept their normal morphologies after 15 day batch culture. These findings indicated that Chlorella sp. and C. vulgaris have fairly good tolerance for MWI, and moreover, Chlorella sp. was appropriate for CO₂ fixation while C. vulgaris represented the highest potential for producing biodiesel.     

Screening of flocculant-producing strains by NTG mutagenesis

Screening of new microorganism being able to produce efficiently flocculants was carried out. A new model for screening efficient flocculant-producing strains was designed and tested. The results showed that this model for screening efficient flocculant-producing strains is very reliable and can greatly shorten the screening period. 13 flocculant-producing strains were isolated from activated sludge by conventional method. A strain, designated as HHE6, produced the bioflocculant with the turbidity removal 98% for kaolin suspension. Six of 13 strains selected as the original strains were treated with NTG as mutagen, and five mutant strains(HHE-P7, HHE-A8, HHE-P21,HHE-P24, HHE-A26) with high flocculation efficiency was obtained by selection, which exhibited the flocculation rate for kaolin suspension above 90%. Strains HHE6, HHE-P7, and HHE-P24 were classified as Penicillium purpurogenum, HHE-P21 as Penicillium cyclopium,HHE-A26 as Aspergillus versicolor and HHE-A8 as Aspergillus fumigatus, and it is hitherto unreported for biofloccutant-producing strains of Penicillium. The growth of the six strains(HHE6, HHE-P7, HHE-A8, HHE-P21, HHE-P24, HHE-A26) had similar curves, i.e. firstly increasing rapidly, keeping relatively constant then and finally decreasing gradually with cultivation time. The production of bioflocculants by strains showed the similar pattern to strain growth.     

生物破乳菌XH-1的破乳有效成分研究

对破乳菌XH-1（Bacillus mojavensis）的破乳效能进行研究,并对该菌所产生的破乳剂有效成分及其理化性质进行考察。结果表明,破乳菌XH-1全培养液针对O／w型模型乳状液24h破乳率为86．0％,48h破乳率可达100％;XH-1菌的破乳有效成分为胞外分泌物质,该物质耐低温、不耐高温、经胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及尿素处理后其基本失活;采用不同蛋白质粗体方法对破乳活性物质进行处理,发现粗提产物均具有较好的破乳功能,说明该物质具有蛋白质的特性;经可见-紫外分光光度法扫描及红外光谱扫描分析发现该生物破乳剂的有效成分为破乳菌株XH-1发酵产生的胞外蛋白类物质。     

微生物降解土壤中农药残留的研究进展

研究土壤环境中农药的微生物降解是当今国际环境修复科学技术前沿领域的重要课题.从降解农药的微生物种类、降解农药的途径及机理、基因工程菌的构建等方面综述了近年来的研究进展,并提出了微生物降解农药研究领域的发展趋势和有待进一步解决的一些突出问题.     

UASB反应器对晚期渗滤液的碳氮协同削减效应

为了强化UASB反应器对厌氧+好氧反应器末端出水的生物处理过程,采用厌氧+好氧反应器+UASB反应器工艺,通过生物处理方法实现了难降解有机物与氮的协同削减.结果表明:①通过控制UASB反应器中ρ（NO_x--N）,优化微环境中最佳ORP范围,当ORP为（-300±10）mV时,ρ（COD_Cr）（此时主要以胡敏酸和富里酸等难降解的腐殖性有机物为主）由313.00 mg/L降至106.00 mg/L,ρ（TN）由139.60 mg/L降至60.30 mg/L,去除率分别达66.13%、56.81%.②傅里叶红外光谱分析结果显示,出水中含羧基、羟基、醌基、酰胺、苯环取代基等相关官能团的有机物减少,含脂肪族官能团的有机物增多.③16S rRNA结果显示,厌氧+好氧反应器+UASB反应器中的优势菌属分别为VadinHA17、Clostridium（梭菌属）、Anaerolineaceae（厌氧绳菌属）、Denitratisoma,其丰度占比分别为3.29%、35.17%、8.60%、2.84%.VadinHA17通过降解UASB反应器中的多种复杂有机物,为反硝化过程提供碳源;Clostridium利用UASB反应器中丰富的硝酸盐激活Clostridium胞外氧化酶,强化Clostridium对难降解复杂有机物的降解能力,将自身的胞内电子通过细胞膜上的细胞色素传递到胞外电子受体上,使NO_x--N得到电子还原为氨,降低氮含量;Anaerolineaceae与Denitratisoma则分别作用于UASB反应器的厌氧消化过程及生物脱氮过程.研究显示,UASB反应器中由于VadinHA17、Clostridium、Anaerolineaceae与Denitratisoma的作用,COD_Cr和TN去除率分别为66.13%、56.81%,实现了晚期渗滤液中难降解有机物与TN的协同削减.      

有机紫外吸收剂BP-3的厌氧污泥降解特性

2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮（BP-3）作为化学品添加剂广泛应用于防晒霜、化妆品和染色剂等个人护理品以及塑料制品,用于吸收紫外线防止皮肤晒伤、材料老化和腐蚀.经使用后BP-3随污水排放或者人类涉水活动直接或间接排放到受纳水环境.因BP-3属于疏水性化合物,进入水环境后更易于分配至污泥和沉积物等缺氧和厌氧环境,厌氧微生物降解是BP-3重要的自然消减过程.然而,目前BP-3在不同厌氧条件下的降解转化机制仍不清楚.本研究以城市污水处理厂厌氧污泥为接种体,对比分析了不同厌氧还原条件和碳源共代谢对BP-3厌氧降解转化的差异.研究结果表明,硝酸盐、硫酸盐还原条件抑制BP-3的厌氧降解,而额外添加混合碳源可促进BP-3的降解（最短降解半衰期为1.285 d）.通过对混合碳源体系厌氧菌群驯化培养,BP-3降解能力显著提高,降解半衰期缩短至0.734 d （10 mg·L^-1）.利用UPLC-QTOF-MS鉴定主要降解中间产物为2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮（BP-1）,推测其厌氧降解转化主要途径为去甲基化.筛查获得了一株BP-3高效厌氧降解单菌,通过16S rDNA测序比对确定为柠檬酸杆菌属兼性厌氧菌.     

多环芳烃降解菌的筛选及其对芘的降解研究

以焦化厂排水沟底泥为菌源驯化筛选出6株多环芳烃降解菌。实验结果表明:各菌对芘均有一定的降解能力,不同菌体表面疏水性不同,这种不同可以影响到反应初期菌株对芘的表观降解率,菌体的疏水性表面较亲水性表面对芘有更强的吸附性;保存的一组天然混合菌对芘降解率较低,没有表现出优于单个菌株的协同作用;多环芳烃降解菌在芘培养液中生长快慢和降解能力没有必然联系。对两株菌体表面疏水性相差较大的菌株在不同条件下的芘降解性能研究结果表明:2#菌降解芘的最佳温度是30℃,9#菌降解芘的最佳温度是40℃;Mn2+对2#降解芘有促进作用,对9#菌几乎无影响,Cu2+对各菌芘降解均有不同程度的抑制作用;外加葡萄糖对于2#菌和9#菌的芘降解有促进作用。     

Differential degradation of crude oil （Bonny Light） by four Pseudomonas strains

Four hydrocarbon degraders isolated from enriched oil- and asphalt-contaminated soils in Lagos, Nigeria, were tested for their petroleum degradation potentials. All the isolates were identified as species of Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas putida P11 demonstrated a strong ability to degrade kerosene, gasoline, diesel, engine oil and crude oil while P. aeruginosa BB3 exhibited fair degradative ability on crude oil, gasoline, engine oil, anthracene and pyrene but weak on kerosene, diesel and dibenzothiophene. Pseudomonas putida WL2 and P. aeruginosa MVL1 grew on crude oil and all its cuts tested with the latter possessing similar polycyclic aromatic potentials as P11. All the strains grew logarithmically with 1–2 orders of magnitude and with generation time ranging significantly between 3.07 and 8.55 d at 0.05 level of confidence. Strains WL2 and MVL1 utilized the oil substrate best with more than 70% in 6 d experimental period, whereas the same feat was achieved by P11 in 12 d period. BB3 on the other hand degraded only 46% within 6 d. Interestingly, data obtained from gas chromatographic analysis of oil recovered from the culture fluids of MVL1 confirmed near-disappearance of major peaks (including aliphatics and aromatics) in the hydrocarbon mixture.     

草甘膦对同源假单胞基因工程菌代谢活性的影响

基于微量热法,研究两株基因缺失型斯氏假单胞杆菌对草甘膦的耐受毒性和降解作用,结果表明:草甘膦可以作为菌株的能量来源;草甘膦对P.stutzeri WM 581和P.stutzeri WM 567的半抑制浓度分别为47.47,43.26mg/L.两菌株对草甘膦均有较快的降解速率,其降解的半衰期约为9~17h,而草甘膦作为2类菌株生长过程中可以代谢的营养物质,其作为唯一碳源时的降解率(64%)要高于作为磷源时的降解率(43%).pH值与盐度对两菌株的生长有较大影响,草甘膦降解的较佳条件为:pH值为6,盐度低于0.5g/L.