Measurements,Theories and Simulations of Particle Deposits on Super-Heater Tubes in a CFB Biomass Boiler

The present investigation involves theories, simulations and experiments on deposit layers on super-heater tubes in a circulating fluidised bed in Västerås in Sweden. Simulation of particle trajectories in the vicinity of two super-heater tubes is conducted in a Eulerian-Lagrangian mode for the flue gas and the ash particles from the combustion process. Particle impingements on the tubes are investigated for different particle sizes. Measurements of the buildup of deposit layers in the super-heater environment are conducted using a deposit probe. Deposit layer growth and growth rate is analysed for different probe temperatures, as well as the aspect of sintering on the probe ring surface. Analysis of the probe deposit material and deposits from the super-heaters and from textile filters are chemically analysed. The temperature dependence of the deposit materials viscosity is predicted from the chemical analysis of the samples. A model is included to simulate the effect of the deposit layer thickness on the tube heat exchange. The results from the particle trajectory simulations show that particle larger than 10 mm will mainly impinge on the front of the first tube and that smaller particles are more dispersed due to turbulence and thermophorectic forces, enabling a more even impingement on the whole surface of the tubes. The probe deposit layer growth measurements show significant temperature dependence. The deposit material sintering and distribution is proven to be dependent on; temperature, particle size and exposure time. The stickiness of the deposit material is shown to be dependent on the SiO₂ and alkali relation in the samples, estimated through a viscosity model.     

长江中游现代河流沉积物磁组构参数值特征研究

对长江中游簿洲湾一带不同类型河段(平直和弯曲)、不同水文环境(高滩、低滩、心滩)沉积物磁组构参数特征的系统取样、测量和统计分析结果表明：1)平直河段沉积物的磁化率各向异性参数的K、P、F、Fs、T以及E的统计平均值均比弯曲河段处相应磁组构参数值略偏大。而q、L的统计平均值却比弯曲河段河流沉积物的相应磁组构值略偏小；2)平直河段各向异性量值椭球长轴磁偏角方向明显，其与水流作用方向具有很好的一致性。而在弯曲河段各向异性量值椭球长轴磁偏角的方向分散，反映了在弯曲河段处水流具有方向多变的特点；3)从河流高滩、低滩到心滩沉积物的磁化率各向异性参数P、F、Fs、T、E的统计平均值均具有从小逐渐变大，而磁基质颗粒度q、磁线理L却从大逐渐变小的变化趋势。这一特点与溃口、高水位时沉积环境不稳定，水流方向多变的、沉积物分选性差的特点是一致的。研究结果对研究古河道的演化、变迁、古河道的识别确定具有重要的意义。     

贵州省晴隆-安龙金矿矿山环境污染调查分析

贵州省黔西南州晴隆-安龙地区主要贵州"红土型"金矿的主要产区,也是贵州省湿法炼金的主要生产基地,区内金矿生产在一定程度上促进了当地乃至贵州省经济社会的发展,同时也对当地矿山生态环境造成了较大影响,产生很多环境地质问题,矿山矿渣、废渣等产生的环境地质问题尤为突出。为了解该地区矿山有害废物种类、含量变化范围和污染程度及分布,通过对调查区42件矿渣、废渣所含As、Sb、Hg及73件浸出液中As、Sb、Hg、CN-、S2-有害元素分析,确定晴隆、兴仁、安龙各调查区存在的主要的有害元素及污染程度,根据综合污染指数(GTi)划分出中度、轻度污染区域,提出今后该区矿山地质环境恢复治理建议和有待研究的环境地质问题。     

滦县地面塌陷成因类型及稳定性分区

地面塌陷是滦县地质灾害的主要类型之一,地面塌陷灾害孕灾环境复杂,致灾因子多样,承灾体脆弱,灾害后果严重。人为因素是地面塌陷的主要诱发因素。本文通过对滦县地区由开采铁矿和岩溶作用引起的塌陷现状进行了深入的调查分析,并在此基础上进行了地面塌陷的稳定性区划,为滦县地区地面塌陷灾害的综合防治提供了科学的依据。     

江西省大湖塘石门寺矿区超大型钨矿的发现及找矿意义

江西省武宁县大湖塘石门寺超大型钨矿的成功勘查是我国地质找矿工作的重大发现。矿化类型划分为细脉浸染型、隐爆角砾岩型和石英大脉型。前者占总储量的74%,该类型以晋宁晚期黑云母花岗闪长岩为容矿围岩,以燕山中期酸性深成至浅成花岗岩为成矿母岩。矿体厚大且产状平缓,大致平行于黑云母花岗闪长岩与似斑状黑云母花岗岩株顶部的接触面分布,以外接触带为主(Ⅰ1矿体),水平投影面积1.50km2,单工程最大厚度389.33m,平均厚度143.67m,平均品位0.193%,厚度变化系数63.7%,品位变化系数115.8%。工业矿物主要为白钨矿、黑钨矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿。矿石组构类型主要有结晶结构、交代结构、细脉状构造、浸染状构造,常见近矿围岩蚀变为黑鳞云母化、云英岩化、绿泥石化,成因类型属岩浆期后高中温热液矿床,工业类型可划归为细脉浸染型白钨矿。石门寺矿区以黑云母花岗闪长岩为容矿围岩的细脉浸染状白钨的发现,改变了以往只专注评价石英大脉型黑钨矿的找矿思路,为矿区及九岭矿集区实现钨多金属找矿突破指明了新的方向。     

综合物化探方法在石庙子沟金矿勘查中的应用

在石庙子沟金矿勘查中,运用了物化探综合方法测量。各方法在金矿体上均有不同的异常反映,异常的吻合程度较好。经槽探工程验证,实测异常分布特征与矿(化)体吻合。表明采用物化探综合方法测量寻找金矿体是行之有效的找矿方法。     

Droplet size spectra and deposits of two aerially sprayed Bacillus thuringiensis formulations on artificial samplers and live foliage

Abstract

Two commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (BTK), Foray^® 48B and Thuricide^® 48LV, were applied aerially over nine spray blocks in a hardwood forest in West Virginia in 1991. Droplet spectra and spray mass deposits were determined using water‐sensitive paper strips (WSPS), glass micro‐fiber filters (GMFFs), glass plates and castor oil. Mass deposits of BTK were also assessed on natural foliage by two bioassay methods, i.e., feeding of homogenized foliage containing a starch‐sucrose solution and force‐feeding bioassay of foliar extracts containing re‐dissolved protein precipitate. Deposits on canopy foliage and ground samplers were also assessed by total protein assay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Droplet spectra on the WSPS were different from those on castor oil. Droplets on horizontal ground WSPS were larger than those on vertical ground WSPS. WSPS placed at canopy level collected more droplets than those at ground level. The total protein deposits (ng/cm²) were consistently higher on all blocks than the delta‐endotoxin protein deposits. Spray mass recovery on the ground samplers were low, and ranged from 2.9 to 8.0% of the applied rates.     

Assessment of aerial spray deposits in a spruce forest using in‐flight microencapsulation technique

Abstract

Spray drops were counted and sized on Kromekote® cards at ground level, and on spruce foliage at canopy level, after aerial application of a formulation containing a microencapsulation medium, over a spruce forest in Ontario. The majority of drops (70%) on foliage was 20 ‐ 75 µm range. A coarse drop size spectrum was observed on cards with a maximum diameter (Dmax) of 380 µm, and with 85% of the drops = 130 µm in diameter. Foliar drop analysis, on the other hand, indicated a finer spectrum with a Dmax of 150 µm, and with 85% of the drops = 75 µm. These results were explained on the basis of formulation ingredients, atomizer setting, weather factors, and drop retention on target surfaces. The assessment of spray deposits on glass plates at ground level indicated that about 16% of the applied spray volume reached the forest floor, a value which is comparable to those obtained in previous forestry applications using the ultra‐low‐volume (ULV) technique.     

新疆萨尔布拉克金矿矿床地球化学及矿床成因

本文介绍萨尔布拉克金矿成矿元素、稀土元素、稳定同位素及石英气─液包裹体的地球化学特征及其在时空上的演化规律．提出成矿元素主要来自地层中的火山物质，下石炭统南明水组的一套火山碎屑岩是矿源层，成矿元素是在动力变质作用下活化、迁够，最后在断裂的交汇部位富集、沉淀、成矿。     

地下金属矿山安全评价体系的探讨

对矿山实行安全评价是确保安全生产的重要措施。根据地下金属矿山生产工艺的特点，分析发生事故的原因及影响因素，以定量分析的方法，从企业管理、工程设计、人员配备、环境条件等方面进行安全评价，提出评价体系，系统而直观地反映企业生产安全程度。