Measurements,Theories and Simulations of Particle Deposits on Super-Heater Tubes in a CFB Biomass Boiler

The present investigation involves theories, simulations and experiments on deposit layers on super-heater tubes in a circulating fluidised bed in Västerås in Sweden. Simulation of particle trajectories in the vicinity of two super-heater tubes is conducted in a Eulerian-Lagrangian mode for the flue gas and the ash particles from the combustion process. Particle impingements on the tubes are investigated for different particle sizes. Measurements of the buildup of deposit layers in the super-heater environment are conducted using a deposit probe. Deposit layer growth and growth rate is analysed for different probe temperatures, as well as the aspect of sintering on the probe ring surface. Analysis of the probe deposit material and deposits from the super-heaters and from textile filters are chemically analysed. The temperature dependence of the deposit materials viscosity is predicted from the chemical analysis of the samples. A model is included to simulate the effect of the deposit layer thickness on the tube heat exchange. The results from the particle trajectory simulations show that particle larger than 10 mm will mainly impinge on the front of the first tube and that smaller particles are more dispersed due to turbulence and thermophorectic forces, enabling a more even impingement on the whole surface of the tubes. The probe deposit layer growth measurements show significant temperature dependence. The deposit material sintering and distribution is proven to be dependent on; temperature, particle size and exposure time. The stickiness of the deposit material is shown to be dependent on the SiO₂ and alkali relation in the samples, estimated through a viscosity model.     

黄旗海湖泊沉积物醋酸淋溶液的元素组成及其环境意义

黄旗海HJC剖面是氧同位素三阶段晚期(MIS3a)与现代间冰期的堆积,包括深湖相、浅湖相、冲洪积相与风成沉积。为研究各沉积相湖泊碳酸盐沉积中元素地球化学特点,对沉积物用醋酸溶液进行了选择性化学淋溶,并分析了淋溶液的元素组成。结果显示:淋溶实验较好地揭示了各沉积相的环境特点,对早、中全新世环境变化有敏感的响应;湖泊自生碳酸盐过程存在自身的元素组合特点,但在一定程度上也继承了外源组分的特点。     

与黑色岩系有关矿床研究进展

与黑色岩系有关矿床近年来在国内外研究中都取得了重要进展。黑色岩系不但是许多金属元素的重要来源，而且其本身也具有经济价值，但在开采利用中应注意环境保护。黑色岩系可以形成于还原环境，也可以形成于较为氧化的环境。黑色岩系中的矿床有些与生物作用有关，有些属于后生矿床，有些则与海相火山-喷气活动有关。除了本身含矿外，黑色岩系还可为其它类型金属矿床提供成矿物质或提供有利的成矿条件。     

Evaluation of heavy metal contamination hazards in nuisance dust particles, in Kurdistan Province, western Iran

The effects of natural andgeochemical factors depending on heavy metal contamination in nuisance dust particles were evaluated. The nuisance dust particles were sampled using passive deposit gauge method for one year from April2010 to March2011 and the obtained samples were measured for the total contents and the contamination levels of Fe, Mn, Cu and As usinggeo-accumulation index (Igeo ), enrichment factor (EF) and the integrated pollution index (IPI). The results showed that, the contamination levels of Fe and Mn based on Igeo values, were uncontaminated (Igeo < 0) (variations of the Igeo index was from -3.11 to -1.751 for Fe, from -0.630 to -1.925 for Mn), while the values of Cu and As were demonstrated to have moderate contamination based on Igeo values (variations of Igeo index was from -1.125 to 0.848 for Cu, and from -2.002 to 1.249 for As). The analysis of EF also revealed minor to moderate enrichment for Mn (1.215-4.214), minor to moderately severe enrichment for Cu (2.791-6.484), and As (1.370-8.462), respectively. The variation of the IPI index also showed low to moderate level of heavy metal pollution in nuisance dust particulates (0.511-1.829). The analysis of the results also approved that the natural processes andgeochemical variables (the changing meteorological parameters) can significantly affect the availability of heavy metals in nuisance dust particles in Western Iran.     

福建德化杨梅地区金矿成矿地质条件和矿床成因

本文分析研究了德化杨梅地区金矿成矿地质条件，矿床主要地质和地球化学特征以及矿床成因等。结果表明，德化杨梅地区是一个金的高背景地球化学场．为成矿提供了物质基础，金矿床、矿点明显地受NE、NW向断裂及其交叉复合部位控制，与成矿有关的侵入岩—次火山岩主要是燕山期的石英闪长岩、花岗闪长斑岩和花岗斑岩；金的矿化类型主要为含金石英脉型、含金石英—硫化物型及破碎蚀变岩型；区内金矿成因类型主要为次火山热液型和岩浆热液型两类。     

相山矿田铀矿地质研究进展与趋势

相山铀矿是华南最大的产于火山-侵入杂岩体中的热液脉型铀矿田。文章对相山铀矿地质研究的历史进行了简略回顾,重点阐述了铀矿地质研究的新进展,主要有:火山杂岩时代为早白垩世、火山岩浆具有反方向演化特点,成矿作用是一个相对连续的演化过程,铀矿类型归属斑岩型,属于与燕山晚期火山-斑岩作用有关的铀或铀-多金属矿床成矿系列。最后,文章展望了未来的研究方向。     

长江中下游铁帽金矿床的物质组份及金的赋存状态

长江中下游铁帽金矿矿石分为四种类型:蜂窝状矿石、松散土状矿石、胶状矿石及块状矿石.前三者金含量较高.主要载金矿物为针铁矿、水针铁矿、赤铁矿、水赤铁矿、铜的次生矿物(铜蓝、蓝铜矿、辉铜矿、孔雀石)、石英以及残留的原生硫化物等.表生金、银矿物以然自金、银金矿为主,多呈显微金,个别为细粒、中粒金.粒度从原生矿石带→次生金富集带下部→次生金富集带上部有增大的趋势.表生金的成色为828-982,一般为921.大大高于原生带中的金,金、银的赋存状态以吸附状态及以独立的金、银矿物两种形式存在.自然金一般呈包体金、粒间金、裂隙金等形式嵌布于载体矿物中.     

福建省上杭紫金山矿田铜金银矿床类型及对比

紫金山大型铜（金）矿床是我国大陆发现的首例高硫浅成低温热液型（石英—明矾石型）矿床。随着勘探工作的深入，在该矿床深部及边部相继发现了斑岩型铜（钼）矿、中低温热液型铜金矿和低硫浅成低温热液型（绢云母—冰长石型）银、金、铜矿。各类型矿床间的浅成热液系统连续过渡，这在世界上是具代表性的矿例。不仅具有重要的找矿意义；而且在陆相火山成矿方面有重要理论意义。     

核事故沾染的放射性区域所产生的地表活度分布与空中辐射场之间的换算规律--反卷积定理在核事故辐射场航测中的应用

本文应用卷积定理和反卷积定理解决了长期以来存在的任意面状放射源产生的辐射场求解问题.在核事故产生的放射性沾染区,根据本文介绍的方法,利用航空测量的某一高度平面上的照射量分布值,应用反卷积定理可求得地面上对应的放射性活度的分布,利用卷积定理可求得该活度分布所对应的任一高度平面上的照射量分布值.因该方法采用了FFT算法,故计算速度很快,可用于实时测量处理.