扰动对悬浮颗粒物粒径及上覆水中磷形态分布的影响

为了探讨底泥扰动下上覆水中悬浮物粒径分布规律及该分布规律对水体中溶解性形态磷的影响,以太湖梅梁湾上覆水和沉积物作为实验对象,开展室内模拟实验.结合乌氏粒级标准分析了扰动下的水体中粒径变化情况以及上覆水中不同磷形态的变化规律.结果表明,扰动后的水体中,悬浮物粒径分布发生明显变化,其中小粒径颗粒(0~10μm)、中粒径颗粒(10~20μm)、大粒径颗粒(≥20μm)的平均占比分别升高、降低、不变.说明中小粒径颗粒物质有向大粒径转化的趋势.另外,在磷形态方面,随着粒径分布的周期性变化,DTP/TP、DIP/TP存在同样的周期性上升规律,数据显示DTP、DIP的变化并不明显,这说明扰动导致悬浮颗粒物对于磷的持留能力提高.另一方面,扰动下DTP/TP和DIP/TP平均值分别为19%和13%,其远低于对照实验(80%和69%),说明扰动引起的小粒径聚集与絮凝成大粒径颗粒的现象有利于上覆水中溶解性形态磷的吸附与沉降,并转化成颗粒态磷,进而延缓水体富营养化的发展进程.     

太湖西岸河网沉积物中重金属污染特征及风险评价

为研究太湖西岸河网沉积物中重金属污染特征及风险,调查了丰-平-枯3个水期19个点位8种重金属的含量,结果表明,沉积物中重金属浓度顺序为ZnCrCuPbNiAsCdHg,其中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni明显高于其环境背景值,除As外,其余7种重金属平水期含量高于丰水和枯水期.地累积指数(I_(geo))和潜在生态指数(RI)评价表明,研究区沉积物中Cd属于中等污染程度和中等生态风险,Cd对RI贡献率为35%,重金属生物毒性不利影响评价值(mP EC-Q)范围为0.12~0.76,平均值0.30,表明研究区发生生物毒性不利影响的可能性为15%~29%,工业与生活混合区点位S2从污染程度、生态风险、生物毒性不利影响和主成分评价的污染及风险均最大,表现出多种重金属的协同污染,这与其周围污染排放特征一致,为该区域河流沉积物中重金属污染控制提供依据.     

滇西北剑湖沉积物磷形态、空间分布及释放贡献

采用连续分级提取法提取了剑湖沉积物中弱吸附态磷(NH_4Cl-P)、可还原态磷(BD-P)、铁铝氧化态磷(NaOH-rP)、有机质结合态磷(NaOH-nrP)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P)和残渣态磷(Res-P)6种形态的磷,并对表层(0~10 cm)沉积物磷形态水平空间分布、沉积柱芯(0~75 cm)磷形态垂向空间分布和释放贡献特征进行了分析.结果表明:表层沉积物6种磷形态平均含量差别较大,其含量由高到低排序为HCl-PRes-PNaOH-rPNaOH-nrPBD-PNH_4Cl-P;HCl-P含量是NH_4Cl-P的72倍,3种稳定磷形态(HCl-P、Res-P和NaOH-rP)含量是3种潜在可移动磷形态(NaOH-nrP、BD-P和NH_4Cl-P)含量的6.5倍.NH_4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-nrP和NaOH-rP含量的变异系数明显高于HCl-P和Res-P含量的变异系数.尽管表层沉积物6种磷形态的水平空间分布特征不尽相同,4条主要入湖河流入湖口区6种磷形态含量平均值之和是湖周浅水区的1.40倍,但能指示出入湖河流是外源磷污染物输入的主要通道.虽然沉积柱芯6种磷形态垂向空间分布特征各异,6种磷形态入湖口区表层平均含量分别是底层的1.60、1.87、1.87、1.61、1.18和1.15倍,其他湖区表层平均含量分别是底层的1.18、1.34、1.39、1.41、0.97和0.83倍,但除HCl-P和Res-P在其他湖区为随深度增加而缓慢递增外,基本上能反映出6种磷形态含量在入湖口区随深度增加而递减的程度都远强于其他湖区.外源磷输入和人为活动影响是3种潜在可移动磷形态和NaOH-rP的主要因素,流域地质背景是HCl-P和Res-P的主要影响因素.6种磷形态在入湖口区快释放贡献率多为负值,表示以滞留状态为主,慢释放贡献率全为正值,表示都为释放状态,滞留贡献最大和释放贡献最大的都是NaOH-rP;其他湖区快释放贡献率和慢释放贡献率多为正值,表示都以释放状态为主,NaOH-rP释放贡献最大,Res-P滞留贡献最大.     

江西德兴矿集区土壤重金属污染分析

矿山开发必然对矿区及周边地区的环境造成污染。文章以江西德兴铜多金属矿山及矿集区为研究区,开展区域土壤的重金属污染研究。在德兴地区4 800 km2的范围内,系统采集土壤样品919个。同时,采用X荧光光谱法、等离子原子发射光谱法等现代测试技术,分析了土壤中重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb)的含量。样品中重金属As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Zn、Cu和Pb的含量变化范围分别为1.790~899,0.034~4.980,0.043~8.330,10~666,25~18 500,6~1 825,16~1 312 mg/kg。通过对样品的重金属元素含量统计分析和绘制等值线图,发现该区域土壤中存在不同程度的As、Hg、Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb重金属污染。污染区域主要分布在德兴铜钼和铅锌矿区、乐安河下游乐平附近的煤矿区、西北部的煤矿区以及南部的电化学厂附近。     

Assessment of sediment contamination in Casco Bay, Maine, USA

The current status of contaminant concentrations in Casco Bay, decadal trends of these contaminants and changes in their geographical distribution are assessed using sediment samples collected approximately 10 years apart. In general, regulated contaminants appeared to be decreasing in concentration. Total PAH and dioxins/furans concentrations did not significantly change over this period. Total organochlorine pesticides, 4,4-DDE, 4,4-DDD, total DDT, PCB, tributyltin and total butyltin decreased in concentration. Trace element concentrations in sediments decreased at the majority of the sampling sites for chromium, nickel, and selenium while arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc remained relatively constant. None of the contaminants measured has increased by more than a factor of 2. Selected sites located in the Inner Bay, where concentrations are higher and new inputs were more likely, showed increased concentrations of contaminants. Most contaminants were not found at concentrations expected to adversely affect sediment biota based on ERL/ERM guidelines.     

Mobilisation of sediment-associated metals from historical Pb working sites on the River Sheaf, Sheffield, UK

Spatial and temporal patterns of metal mobilisation from former water-powered, Pb working sites in a suburban area of Sheffield (UK) were investigated. Twelve time-integrated mass flux samplers were strategically deployed over two contrasting campaign periods (summer and winter). Suspended sediment samples were characterised magnetically and subjected to metal analysis. Metal levels in the upper River Sheaf showed a marked spatial and temporal variability. Pb concentrations in particular were relatively high (maximum 2132 mg kg(-1)). Their distribution tended to reflect the historical contamination of the valley by 17th to 19th century industry, especially during summer high discharge conditions. The mean suspended sediment Pb concentration (803 mg kg(-1)) exceeds contamination guidelines. It is unclear whether ground remediation of one of the seven floodplain sites in the catchment has been successful. The river is still affected by the legacy of at least two other Pb working sites.     

人为泥石流起动及产沙放水冲刷实验——以神府-东胜矿区为例

神府东胜矿区位于黄土高原北部干旱半旱过度地带。由于煤田的大量开采,诱发了大量的环境问题,尤以人为泥石流最为严重,本文以神府－东胜矿区人为泥石流为研究对象,采用人工放水冲刷模拟的方法,分析了坡面型和沟谷型泥石流源地松散体起动、产沙、泥石流过程的特性,所得结论为：（１）放水历时长,强度大,有利于泥石流的形成;（２）弃土石渣起动,是该区泥石流固体物质的主体;（３）沟道型泥石流放水冲刷模拟实验,便于观测石     

The Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments Along the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast

Coastal marine sediment samples were collected from 31 sampling stations along the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea coast. All sediment samples were analyzed to determine aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as total organic carbon (TOC) contents and grain size analysis. Total concentrations of 16 EPA-PAHs in the sediments were varied from 88 to 6338 ng g⁻¹ with an average value of 154 ng g⁻¹ (dry weight). However, the concentrations of total aliphatic were varied from 1.3 to 69.9 ng g⁻¹ with an average value of 15.6 ng g⁻¹ (dry weight). The highest contents of PAHs were found in the Eastern harbor (6338 ng g⁻¹), Manzala (5206 ng g⁻¹) and El-Jamil East (4895 ng g⁻¹) locations. Good correlations observed between a certain numbers of PAH concentrations allowed to identify its origin. The average total organic carbon (TOC) percent was varied from 0.91 to 4.54%. Higher concentration of total pyrolytic hydrocarbons (∑COMB) than total fossil hydrocarbons (∑PHE) declared that atmospheric fall-out is the significant source of PAHs to marine sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. The selected marked compounds, a principal component analysis (PCA) and special PAHs compound ratios (phenanthrene/anthracene vs fluoranthene/pyrene; ∑COMB/∑EPA-PAHs) suggest the pyrogenic origins, especially traffic exhausts, are the dominant sources of PAHs in most locations. Interferences of rather petrogenic and pyrolytic PAH contaminations were noticed in the harbors due to petroleum products deliveries and fuel combustion emissions from the ships staying alongside the quays.     

Monitoring and Assessment of Persistent Organochlorine Residues in Sediments from the Daliaohe River Watershed, Northeast of China

Surface sediment samples from 12 sites of the three selected rivers in Daliaohe River watershed (Hunhe River, Taizihe River and Daliaohe River) were analyzed with the objective of establishing sources and hazard of the organochlorinae pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in surface sediments. The total concentrations of OCPs varied from 3.06 to 23.24 ng g⁻¹. ∑HCH (α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, γ-HCH), ∑DDT (p, p′-DDE, p, p′-DDD, o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDT) and ∑Cyclodiene (Heptachlor, Aldrin, Heptachlor epoxide, Dieldrin, Endrin) ranged from 1.86 to 21.48, 0.5 to 2.81 and 0.56 to 1.53 ng g⁻¹, respectively. Results of OCPs also illustrate that the most dominant pollutants among the OCPs was ∑HCH, and γ-HCH was the most dominant isomer in HCH, which was evidence of recent input of lindane. It possibly came from the runoff of polluted soils and long-scale transportation. Total PCB concentrations ranged between 1.88 and 16.88 ng g⁻¹. The peak concentrations of PCBs were found in sediments from station T5 and D3, which are in the vicinity of industrial areas and ferry, respectively. These data show a moderate level of OCPs and PCBs contaminations compared to that in other countries.     

Heavy Metal Contents of the Karasu Creek Sediments, Nigde, Turkey

Heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Karasu spring was investigated in the presented study. In this respect, sediment samples were collected from contaminant sites along the spring starting from the spring water manifestation site, base of the Akkaya dam to the dam exit site. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. Cobalt, copper, arsenic, tin, nickel, zinc, cadmium, lead, aluminum, iron, titan, chromium and manganese contents of the Karasu creek sediments are found as 18.30–69.00, 12.40–595.0 5.50–345.3, 5.80–15.1, 10.9–64.1, 28.90–103,300, 4.1–356.2, 7.70–37,840, 13,460–109,400, 11,740–62,900, 22.18–59.04, 41.70–369 and 12.09–3,480 mg/kg, respectively. Results indicate the presence of a contamination in the Karasu creek. All the metal concentrations were found to be exceeding their acceptable limit values. Eutrophication is developed in the Karasu creek and the Akkaya dam. It is thought that heavy metal accumulation in the creek is originated from discharge from mine quarries, industrial and domestic wastes. Protection zones should be defined and all necessary measures must be taken along the Karasu creek.