腐殖酸与钙离子共存下ZVI界面沉积过程

为精准分析环境介质在零价铁（ZVI）界面沉积过程和沉积层特性,采用喷涂方法制备ZVI负载芯片,应用耗散式石英晶体微天平（QCMD）研究了腐殖酸（HA）与钙离子（Ca（Ⅱ））在ZVI界面沉积吸附过程的差异,并探讨了Ca（Ⅱ）浓度与HA/Ca（Ⅱ）投加顺序对沉积过程的影响机理.结果表明,在反应体系中先通入HA相较先通入Ca（Ⅱ）,ZVI表面形成的沉积层质量更高、沉积层结构更稳定;HA沉积后可促进Ca（Ⅱ）沉积,然而Ca（Ⅱ）先沉积后HA沉积量较少,很大程度上与吸附层外层结构组成差异相关.此外,发现随着Ca（Ⅱ）浓度从10mg/L升高至200mg/L,Ca（Ⅱ）沉积速率加快,界面沉积量增多.QCMD耗散变化研究发现,当Ca（Ⅱ）浓度从10mg/L提高至100mg/L,沉积层耗散变化值（ΔD）逐渐下降,沉积层转变为刚性结构;Ca（Ⅱ）浓度继续加大到200mg/L,ΔD升高趋势,沉积层构象呈现疏松态.应用QCMD可实时监测ZVI钝化层形成的动态变化过程,提供了ZVI界面吸附层变化特征等关键信息.     

放射性核素大气扩散数值模拟研究综述

放射性核素大气扩散模式可以模拟放射性核素在不同尺度下的大气输送与扩散,为核电站选址、核事故应急提供科学依据.本文总结了目前广泛用于模拟核素扩散的多种模式,详细比较了各模式对放射性核素的衰变、输送和扩散、干/湿沉降和重力沉降以及辐射剂量等处理方法,总结归纳各个模式模拟的差异性.最后,对放射性核素大气扩散模式发展前景做了展望.对有针对性地提高模式模拟能力以及明确模式的发展方向具有重要的意义.     

衡阳大气硫同位素组成环境意义的研究

1996-1997年度衡阳大气硫同位素监测结果是:大气降水δ(34S)均值为6.12‰,大气二氧化硫δ(34S)均值为-3.48‰,大气气溶胶δ(34S)均值为10.73‰.数值体系较好地符合硫同位素分馏规律,研究认为,该地大气环境受西南气流影响甚微,北方南下气流进一步推断为作用该地大气硫的主因;生物硫源对降水硫影响不容忽视;衡阳与珠江三角洲及粤北城市硫同位素监测结果均不支持降水硫同位素区域分异学说.      

南京近郊农田大气颗粒物及金属干沉降输入特征

大气颗粒物中重金属干沉降输入是农业区域重金属的重要来源之一,但当前对农业区大气重金属沉降的观测研究较少.通过对南京近郊典型稻麦轮作区定点连续1 a采样,分析了不同粒径大气颗粒物和其中10种金属元素的浓度,并利用大叶模型估算其干沉降通量.结果表明,颗粒物浓度和干沉降通量均呈现冬春高、夏秋低的变化趋势;冬春季颗粒物污染为粗粒子(2.1～9.0μm)和细粒子(<2.1μm)的双重作用,而夏秋季则主要为细粒子的作用;金属元素浓度在巨粒子(>9.0μm)中占比最低,在粗粒子和细粒子中相当,而Pb、 Mn、 As和Cd在细粒子中占比较高;10种金属元素的年均干沉降通量[mg·(m²·a)^-1]大小为：Ca(2 096.4)>Al(1 710.4)>Zn(855.0)>Fe(256.1)>Pb(40.35)>Cu(31.93)>V(26.21)>Mn(9.10)>As(2.48)>Cd(0.28).研究结果为更加全面地认识人类活动对农产品质量安全和土壤生态环境的影响提供参考依据.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on cation release in soils of South China

This paper deals with the release of base cations and Al3+ at the treatment with simulated acid rain (SAR) in main soil types collected from South China. Results showed that the amounts of base cations increased obviously when the pH value of simulated acid rain was lower than 3.0 or 3.5. Compared with the leaching of K+ and Na+, the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was affected by the pH value of SAR. Only when the amounts of base cations leached from soils exceeded the cation exchange capacity, the pH value of leaching solutions decreased sharply and the amounts of released Al3+ increased. The H+ buffering mechanisms, which were affected notonly by the pH values of SAR, but also by the types and solid components of soils, were proposed for the main soils studied.     

Optimising the environmental benefits of emission reductions from UK coal- and oil-fired power stations: a critical loads approach

This paper describes a method for determining reductions of SO₂ emissions from coal- and oil-fired power stations, oil refineries and large industrial units in the UK taking into account their pollution potential. The method is based on the use of two gridded data sets: critical loads, which represent the sensitivity of the environment to acid deposition and modelled estimates of total (wet + dry) sulphur deposition for 646 point sources within the UK. An iterative method is used to identify and subsequently reduce emissions from point sources that contribute most to areas of critical loads exceedance. This paper demonstrates how the method may be used to determine an optimal allocation of emissions across the UK which yields the maximum amount of environmental protection per unit of emission.The paper then goes on to consider the changes that will have to take place within the UK power generation industry in order to meet the revised EC Large Combustion Plant Directive which comes into force on 1 January 2008. Particular emphasis is placed upon proposed emissions trading schemes and the environmental implications of allowing trading between stations with high and low pollution potentials. The paper concludes by suggesting that the emissions trading process should take into account the pollution potential of each source, irrespective of whether the proposed emission is within the plant's agreed emission limit. An approach based entirely on minimizing environmental damage rather than one which takes cost into account, as in current integrated assessment modelling, could provide an interesting approach across the rest of Europe.     

聚硅酸对不同形态铝沉积行为的影响

针对给水管网中残余铝沉积和再溶解现象可能引起的水质问题,研究了聚硅酸对不同水解聚合形态铝沉积、再溶解的影响,并以石英微晶天平为表征手段,初步探讨了聚硅酸对不同形态铝沉积、再溶解过程影响的机理.结果表明,聚硅酸能显著改变不同水解聚合形态铝的沉积、再溶解行为.聚硅酸可与3种水解聚合形态的铝迅速结合而生成可沉积产物,但产物性质不同.以单体形态为主的Al_0与聚硅酸的反应产物性质较稳定,部分以溶解态存在,部分以非溶解态(可沉积态)存在;尽管铝的两种聚合形态Al_(13)和Al_(30)与聚硅酸反应也生成了部分可沉积产物,但随着时间的推移,这些产物又逐渐向溶解态转化.铝硅比对Al_0体系中铝的沉积溶解行为影响较小,而对Al_(13)和Al_(30)影响较大,且在0.2∶20(以Al和SiO_2计的质量比)时,沉积态铝的溶解速率最快.     

设施叶菜类蔬菜重金属镉、铅和砷累积特征及健康风险评价

近年来京津冀地区春季扬沙、秋冬季节雾或霾频发,大气可吸入颗粒物尤其是PM2.5可负载镉铅砷等重金属,易被叶菜类蔬菜(叶菜)吸收并在可食部位累积,设施叶菜类蔬菜可食部位重金属的累积是否同样受大气沉降的影响.对此,以京津冀地区常见6种叶菜类蔬菜——菠菜、油麦菜、生菜、小白菜、茼蒿和茴香为主要对象,采用田间试验,探索了大棚叶...     

滇中典型工矿业城市大气干湿沉降重金属等元素特征及健康风险评价

为研究滇中地区典型工矿业城市大气干湿沉降元素特征及健康风险,选择安宁市2019年6月至2020年7月间采集的大气干湿沉降物为研究对象,分别测定了干、湿沉降中TN、F、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、P、As和Hg这11个指标含量,计算了大气年沉降通量,并采用暴露风险模型评估了其对人体健康风险.结果表明：1大气干沉降物中除Cr、Ni和As,元素F、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量平均值显著高于安宁市表层土壤元素含量,其分别为5.82、3.00、28.27、57.53、2.83和1.08倍;湿沉降物中F和TN平均含量超过地表水Ⅴ类水标准值;2 TN年沉降通量最高,8种重金属元素的年沉降通量从小到大依次为：Hg-6,不存在致癌性风险或风险较小.因此需加强对区内工矿企业大气重金属排放的严格管控.     

模拟氮沉降和CO2浓度增加对三江平原小叶章群落土壤总有机碳和氮素含量的影响

利用开顶气室(Open-Top Chamber,OTC),设置当前大气CO2浓度(370μmol.mol-1)、中等CO2浓度(550μmol.mol-1)和高CO2浓度(700μmol.mol-1)3个CO2浓度水平和不施氮(N1,0g N.m-2.a-1)、常氮(N2,5g N.m-2.a-1)、高氮(N3,10g N.m-2.a-1)3个氮素水平。研究了不同N沉降水平下,大气CO2浓度升高对以三江平原小叶章群落土壤有机碳和氮素含量的影响。结果表明:CO2浓度升高结合氮沉降连续运行两个生长季后,湿地土壤总有机碳含量没有显著变化,说明较短时间内大气CO2浓度升高和氮沉降不会使三江平原土壤有机碳含量产生变化。氮沉降引起各个土层的土壤全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮的含量增加,施氮水平越高土壤氮增加越多,但是全氮增加量不明显,铵态氮随施氮量的增加呈现极显著差异水平(P<0.01)。0～10cm,10～20cm土层土壤全氮、铵态氮的含量随着CO2浓度升高呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。土壤硝态氮含量在10～20cm土层含量变化与土壤全氮、铵态氮的变化趋势相同。说明大气CO2浓度一定程度的增加可以增加土壤的氮素含量,但是过量的大气CO2浓度反而会使得土壤氮素含量减少。