Occurence and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ankara Precipitation

Urban atmospheric environment contains many trace organic pollutants that are related to the incomplete fuel combustion in domestic heating, industrial plants and automobile traffic. Removal of these pollutants from the atmosphere takes place through wet and dry deposition as well as chemical transformations. In this study, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wet deposition samples were determined at an urban site of Turkey. Wet and dry deposition samples were collected using Andersen Rain Sampler. The sampler was modified accordingly for the collection of organic pollutants. Collected samples were preconcentrated by using solid phase extraction (SPE) disks and consecutively analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the 13 compounds quantified in this study, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were found more frequently and at elevated concentrations (202, 271 and 260 ng L^-1 mean concentrations, respectively).Concentrations of PAHs were found to be high in winter period.     

SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND IN THE ARROYO COLORADO RIVER1

ABSTRACT: The lower reaches of the Arroyo Colorado have historically failed to meet their use under subsection 303(b) of the U.S. Clean Water Act due to fecal coliform bacteria and low dissolved oxygen (DO). Fish kills, especially at the tidal confluence at the Port of Harlingen, Texas, have been reported. Oxygen demand from sediment (SOD) for a river typically has two states‐diffusion limited SOD (SOD) and potential SOD (pSOD), expressed when sediment is resuspended through increased flow or other disturbances. The objective of this research was to measure SOD in the Arroyo Colorado River in situ, estimate pSOD ex situ, and evaluate the relationship between SOD and the depositional environment. We measured SOD and pSOD in the Arroyo Colorado River at up to eight sites over three sampling events. We identified the sample sites based on a modified Rosgen geomorphic index for streambed stabilization. Sites with high sediment deposition potential had high SOD. The average values of SOD between sites were 0.62 g/m²/day (standard deviation 0.38 g/m²/day) and ranged from 0.13 to 1.2 g/m²/day. Potential SOD values ranged from as low as 19.2 to as high as 2,779 g/m³ sediment/ day. Potential SOD can serve as an indicator of the possible impact of SOD from resuspended sediment in stream systems.     

Modelling nitrogen fluxes at the landscape scale

The distribution and impacts of different nitrogen pollutants are inextricably linked. To understand the problem fully, the interactions between the different pollutants need to be taken into account. This is particularly important when it comes to abatement techniques, since measures to reduce emissions of one nitrogen pollutant can often lead to an increase in another. This project represents a step towards greater understanding of these issues by linking together new and existing nitrogen flux models into a larger framework. The modelling framework has been constructed and some of the nitrogen flows between fields, farms and the atmosphere have been modelled for a UK study area for typical farm management scenarios.     

Applying metabolic fingerprinting to ecology: The use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the rapid screening of plant responses to N deposition

The potential for metabolic fingerprinting via Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to provide a novel approach for the detection of plant biochemical responses to N deposition is examined. An example of spectral analysis using shoot samples taken from an open top chamber (OTC) experiment simulating wet ammonium deposition is given. Sample preparation involved oven drying and homogenisation via mill grinding. Slurries of a consistent dilution were then prepared prior to FT-IR analysis. Spectra from control, 8 and 16 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatments were then subjected to cross-validated discriminant function analysis. Ordination diagrams showed clear separation between the three N treatments examined. The potential for using Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull as a bioindicator of N deposition is further evident from these results. The results also clearly demonstrate the power of FT-IR in discriminating between subtle phenotypic alterations in overall plant biochemistry as affected by ammonium pollution.     

三峡库区腹地大气微量金属干湿沉降特征

为研究三峡库区腹地大气微量金属沉降特征,在万州城区采样点收集了2014年1月~6月的干湿沉降样品,在云阳晒经村(工厂区)、云阳高阳(场镇郊区)、开县白家溪(自然保护区)、开县野塘溪(县郊区)、开县大德(乡村区)收集了2014年4月的干湿沉降样品;分别测定了样品的p H值、电导率和微量金属元素(Al、As、B、Ba、Bi、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Li、Mn、Pb、Ni、Sb、Sr、Sn、Ti、Zn、V).结果表明:1万州城区酸雨频率为48.44%,酸雨主要集中在1~4月.不同功能区酸雨频率高低顺序为:工厂区万州城区县郊区场镇郊区自然保护区乡村区.2湿沉降中20种微量金属质量浓度均低于国家地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ级标准限值,而Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn不同程度超Ⅰ级标准限值,其中工厂区相对严重.3万州城区干沉降提取液p H值在4.91~6.74之间,平均为5.79.各功能区干沉降酸度高低顺序为:工厂区县郊区万州城区乡村区场镇郊区自然保护区,这与湿沉降酸度顺序完全一致,说明干湿沉降中主要酸性物质具有同源性.4万州城区Ba、Co、Cu、Cr、Li、Mn、Ni、Sr、Zn干沉降超过湿沉降,而Al、As、B、Bi、Cd、Fe、Pb、Sb、Sn、Ti、V湿沉降大于干沉降.富集因子分析表明,万州城区Al为中等富集,Bi和Cd显著富集.     

Assessment of the maximum allowed acid deposition load at current stage in China

Soil acidification caused by acid deposition has been significant in some forests in southern China. We present an approach for assessing the current stage maximum allowed load (SML) of acid deposition for terrestrial system in the country. The main idea was that soil base cation exchange as a finite buffer to acidity was included in the soil acidity mass balance calculation at current acidification stage. We calculated the SML for five forests in southern China. The usual critical loads for the same forests were also calculated by the steady state mass balance model for comparison. The results showed that the SML is a more tolerant limit than the critical load for the forests with soils not acidified seriously at current stage. However, the SML become a more stringent limit to acid deposition when the forest soils have acidified seriously to very low base cation saturation. In this case the SML assessment is beneficial for the soils recovering from a serious acidified state. Based on a national scale database, the SML mapping for non-agricultural soil system in China was carried out.     

阜新城区降尘重金属污染及其健康风险评价

为研究阜新市大气降尘重金属分布情况及可能存在的健康风险,于2015年3月—2016年3月对阜新城区(32个采样点)及周边地区(13个对照采样点)进行大气降尘湿法采集,并利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对降尘中的7种重金属元素(Cr、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Cu)含量进行测定.结果表明:① 阜新市大气降尘中重金属含量存在明显差异,表现为w(Zn)＞w(Pb)＞w(Cr)＞w(Cu)＞w(Ni)＞w(As)＞w(Cd). w(Zn)平均值最高,为756.9 mg/kg; w(Cd)平均值最低,为4.8 mg/kg,其他几种重金属含量范围为10~120 mg/kg. ② 城区大气降尘中Cd的背景比值(H)最高,为44.89,其次为Zn(H=11.92),城区大气降尘重金属污染受人为活动影响显著. ③ 地累积指数评价结果显示,Cd为严重-极度污染,Zn为中度-严重污染,Pb、Cu为中度污染,Cr、Ni为轻度污染,As为无污染. ④ 研究区健康风险评价表明,儿童通过3种暴露途径接触Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni的非致癌健康风险水平均高于成人,Cr、As的非致癌健康风险水平低于成人. ⑤ Cr经呼吸途径对成人的非致癌风险(HQ_inh)达2.53,非致癌风险总值(HI)达3.41,均大于限值(1),表明Cr经呼吸途径对于成人存在非致癌风险,其余6种重金属元素经呼吸途径对于成人的非致癌风险相对较低. ⑥ Cd、Cr、As、Ni经呼吸途径的致癌风险值(10-9~10-7)均低于可接受水平(10-6),表明致癌元素Cd、Cr、As、Ni经呼吸途径对人体可能不具有致癌风险.鉴于研究区大气降尘重金属元素经3种途径对成人、儿童均构成一定非致癌风险,阜新市应当及时加强对海州露天矿、经济开发区及皮革工业园等主要大气颗粒物污染源的排放及监测管控.      

工业园区综合难降解废水深度处理实验研究

某工业园区综合废水处理厂设计规模5.0×104m3/d,原设计出水执行《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准,需将出水标准提高到一级A排放标准.分别采用混凝沉淀法和高级氧化法深度处理二级生化出水.小试试验结果表明:二级生化出水CODcr在62~75 mg/L左右,PAC、Al2(SO4)3及PFS三种絮凝沉淀药剂处理出水CODcr去除效果均不明显,不能稳定达到一级A排放标准.芬顿催化氧化的pH=5,FeSO4+H2O2投加量为(200+100)mg/L;臭氧氧化的O3投加量33 mg/L,其出水CODcr均能达到一级A排放标准.     

Factors influencing the contents of metals and As in soils around the watershed of Guanting Reservoir, China

Topsoil samples from 61 sites around the Guanting Reservoir,China,were measured for Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As concentrations.The mean concentrations of Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As were 16.8,59.4,37.8,18.3,0.32,20.1 and 8.67 mg/kg dry weight,respectively.Factors that influence the dynamics of these metals in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined.The influence of atmospheric deposition,land use,soil texture,soil type and soil chemical parameters on metal contents in soils was investigated.Atmospheric deposition,land use and soil texture were the important factors affecting heavy metal residues.Soil type and soil chemical parameters were also involved in heavy metal retention in soils.The data provided in this study are considered crucial for reservoir remediation,especially since the Guanting Reservoir will serve as one of the main drinking water sources for Beijing in the foreseeable future.     

亚微米颗粒在Sierpinski海绵模型中热泳沉积研究

亚微米颗粒由于其特殊的粒径尺度,具有很多不同于与传统细颗粒的物理和化学性质,同时极易吸入人体,对人体造成很大危害。谢尔宾斯基海绵模型作为一种理想化的结构模型,具有内比表面积大、多通道等特点。通过建立可工程应用的谢尔宾斯基海绵模型通道,并结合热泳沉积相关数学模型开展计算,可以发现:随着谢尔宾斯基海绵阶数的上升,内部通道的增加是引起亚微米颗粒热泳沉积率上升的主要因素;在海绵通道中运动的亚微米颗粒较之其他粒径的颗粒,更容易受到热泳沉积的影响;同时温差对其热泳沉积影响较为剧烈,呈现线性变化。建立具有工程特征的谢尔宾斯基海绵模型通道,可为研究亚微米颗粒沉积及脱除开辟一条新途径。