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211.
为研究滇中地区典型工矿业城市大气干湿沉降元素特征及健康风险,选择安宁市2019年6月至2020年7月间采集的大气干湿沉降物为研究对象,分别测定了干、湿沉降中TN、F、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、P、As和Hg这11个指标含量,计算了大气年沉降通量,并采用暴露风险模型评估了其对人体健康风险.结果表明:1大气干沉降物中除Cr、Ni和As,元素F、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量平均值显著高于安宁市表层土壤元素含量,其分别为5.82、3.00、28.27、57.53、2.83和1.08倍;湿沉降物中F和TN平均含量超过地表水Ⅴ类水标准值;2 TN年沉降通量最高,8种重金属元素的年沉降通量从小到大依次为:Hg-6,不存在致癌性风险或风险较小.因此需加强对区内工矿企业大气重金属排放的严格管控. 相似文献
212.
太湖流域是我国酸沉降较严重的区域之一,酸沉降对流域碱基离子流失产生了显著影响。通过室内模拟试验,研究了流域内代表性碳酸盐岩及其风化产物和流域分布广泛的沙壤土在不同pH模拟酸溶液作用下碱基离子的释放特征。结果表明:1)碳酸盐岩中碱基离子释放量与酸溶液pH和粒径均呈显著负相关(
213.
Jeffrey R. Brook Leiming Zhang Yifan Li David Johnson 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1999,33(30):804
Numerical sensitivity tests and four months of complete model runs have been conducted for the Routine Deposition Model (RDM). The influence of individual model inputs on dry deposition velocity as a function of land-use category (LUC) and pollutant (SO2, O3, SO2−4 and HNO3) were examined over a realistic range of values for solar radiation, stability and wind speed. Spatial and temporal variations in RDM deposition velocity (Vd) during June – September 1996 time period generated using meteorological input from a mesoscale model run at 35 km resolution over north-eastern North America were also examined. Comparison of RDM Vd values to a variety of measurements of dry deposition velocities of SO2, O3, SO2−4 and NHO3 that have been reported in the literature demonstrated that RDM produces realistic results. Over northeastern NA RDM monthly averaged dry deposition velocities for SO2 vary from 0.2 to 3.0 cm s−1 with the highest deposition velocities over water surfaces. For O3, the monthly averaged dry deposition velocities are from 0.05 to 1.0 cm s−1 with the lowest values over water surfaces and the highest over forested areas. For HNO3, the monthly averaged dry deposition velocities have the range of 0.5 to 6 cm s−1, with the highest values for forested areas. For SO2−4, they range from 0.05–1.5 cm s−1, with the lowest values over water and the highest over forest. The monthly averaged dry deposition velocities for SO2 and O3 are higher in the growing season compared to the fall, but this behaviour is not apparent for HNO3 and sulphate. In the daytime, the hourly averaged dry deposition velocities for SO2, O3, SO2−4 and HNO3 are higher than that in the nighttime over most of the vegetated area. The diurnal variation is most evident for surfaces with large values for leaf area index (LAI), such as forests. Based on the results presented in this paper, it is concluded that RDM Vd values can be combined with measured air concentrations over hourly, daily or weekly periods to determine dry deposition amounts and with wet deposition measurements to provide seasonal estimates of total deposition and estimates of the relative importance of dry deposition. 相似文献
214.
The results of four experiments on acidification effects upon the Enchytraeid worm populations of ombrotrophic peats are reported. in the first, populations were measured in peats from Calluna vulgaris-dominated microcosms collected from along a gradient in N deposition in the UK and subjected for 18 months to simulated precipitation with a solute composition appropriate for their site of collection. There was a significant decline in Enchytraeid population along the N deposition gradient for Calluna-dominant microcosms, but when grasses took over from the Calluna, Enchytraeid numbers increased significantly. in the second experiment, two sets of peat moorland microcosms from a single site, supporting Calluna and Calluna-grass mixed vegetation, were subjected for 12 months to ambient and 2- and 6-times the ambient N deposition. Additional N was added in two forms, as ammonium sulphate and as nitric acid. the high N treatments significantly reduced the Enchytraeid populations for both vegetation types. in a third experiment, the pH preference for the Enchytraeids was assessed using interconnected tubes of peat covering the pH range 2.2-8.7. the preferred pH range after 8 months was 2.7-3.7. in the final experiment, it was found that recolonization with Enchytraeids after initial removal was more rapid under grass dominant vegetation than under Calluna dominant vegetation. 相似文献
215.
The competition of hydrogen and manganese ions for adsorption sites in Sitka spruce litter was investigated in a factorial design, simulated acid rain experiment, which involved leaching of litter with simulated throughfall solutions at three pH levels (5.3, 4.3 and 3.3) and three manganese concentrations (0 to 0.2 mg1-1). the throughfall solution at the lowest pH was the most efficient in removing exchangeable manganese from litter. the manganese concentration in the leachates was approximately proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration in the simulated throughfall solution. Under field conditions, throughfall manganese concentration also naturally tends to increase as a consequence of enhanced foliar leaching of manganese in response to increasing precipitation acidity. the manganese concentration in the simulated throughfall also affected manganese concentration in the leachates, however, and contributed to a buildup of exchangeable manganese in litter, thus counteracting to some extent possible adverse effects of excess leaching due to increased throughfall acidity. 相似文献
216.
217.
Robert A. Phillips Kenton M. Stewart 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(3):489-498
ABSTRACT: Quaker Run, a fourth order stream located in southwestern New York State, exhibits a highly unusual chemical gradient along its upper reaches. Weekly water samples showed an increase in the mean annual pH from 5.07 to 7.01 along a stretch of only 2.2 km. Mean alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrate-nitrite-nitrogen, silica, and conductivity also increased appreciably over this distance. The study area receives some of the most highly acidic atmospheric deposition in the United States. Minimal buffering of these acidic inputs in the extreme upper watershed, and an abrupt downstream increase in buffering associated with changes in soil type, apparently produce the observed streamwater chemistry gradient. In contrast, a comparison between 11 midstream, downstream, and tributary sites showed relatively little variation in streamwater chemistry. In addition to the pronounced longitudinal chemistry changes along the upper portion of the stream, pronounced temporal chemistry variations were also observed at all sampling sites. High flow during snowmelt and heavy rains produced more dilute, acidic conditions, while streamwater pH and dissolved base cations were generally highest during low flow. Much of this temporal variation in streamwater chemistry is attributed to seasonal variation in residence times of soil water. 相似文献
218.
Observations of damage to vegetation, acute reductions in surface water pH, and kills of small fish prompted the Biomedical
Operations and Research Office at the John F. Kennedy Space Center to initiate intensive environmental evaluations of possible
acute and long-term chronic impacts that may be produced by repeated launches of the space shuttle. An important step in this
evaluation was the identification of deposition patterns and the quantification of ecosystem loading rates of exhaust constituents
from the solid rocket motors (SRMs) in the area of the launch pad. These constituents are primarily aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). During three launches of the space transportation system (STS-11, 13, and 14) up to 100 bulk
deposition collectors, 83 mm in diameter containing 100 ml of deionized water, were deployed in a grid pattern covering 12.6
ha north of launch pad 39-A. Estimates of HCl and particulate deposition levels were made based on laboratory measurements
of items entrained in the collectors. Captured particulates consisted of a variety of items including Al2O3, sand grains, sea shell fragments, paint chips, and other debris ablated from the launch pad surface by the initial thrust
of the SRMs. Estimated ranges of HCl and particulate deposition in the study area were 0–127 g/m2 and 0–246 g/m2, respectively. Deposition patterns were highly influenced by wind speed and direction. These measurements indicate that,
under certain meteorological conditions, up to 7.1 × 103 kg of particulates and 3.4 × 103 kg of HCl can be deposited to the near-field environment beyond the launch pad perimeter fence. 相似文献
219.
利用聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺协同絮凝沉降催化剂污水中的悬浮物,采用正交实验法考查了聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺加入量、污水pH值及沉降时间对悬浮物沉降效果的影响,确定了污水处理新的工艺条件,并用于实际。 相似文献
220.
EfectsofsimulatedacidrainoncationreleasinginsoilsofSouthChinaWuQing,QiuRongliang,LuYuenaDepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,Z... 相似文献