维管束植物桂花树叶片对大气氮沉降的吸收研究

本文通过测定维管束植物桂花树叶片的氮含量和氮同位素组成,分析其对大气氮沉降的截留吸收机制。为期一年(2009.03～2010.03)的监测数据显示,桂花树叶片氮含量为1.33%～3.09%,平均值为2.18%;叶片δ15 N为+0.54‰～+3.78‰,均值为+2.29‰。桂花树叶片N%、δ15 N的季节性变化趋势,总体呈现春、冬高,夏、秋低的规律,这与已有的贵阳市雨水监测数据一致。对比不同树冠厚度的叶片样品,发现叶片N%随树冠厚度增加而降低,顶部叶片N%表现为最高(2.39±0.4%),说明桂花树的树冠层对大气氮沉降有明显的截留吸收作用。桂花树顶部叶片δ15 N最偏负,而上覆树冠层最厚的下方叶片的δ15 N最偏正,反映了树冠层在吸收大气氮沉降过程中存在选择性吸收,引起同位素分馏,即树冠层越厚,穿冠水δ15 N越偏正,且分馏程度与树冠厚度成正比,导致下方叶片δ15 N最高。     

高镁铝合金在喷射成形过程中显微组织的变化

研究了高镁铝合金在喷射成形过程中显微组织的变化。沉积态高镁铝合金基体呈全部等轴晶组织并存在少量显微孔洞是沉积态组织的主要特征。分析了等轴晶组织和显微孔洞在喷射成形中生成的机制。     

层状云降水中化学过程的数值模拟

对一维时变的层状云物理化学模式的化学过程作了研究,引入了较为细致的化学模式,并以类似化学反应方程式的方式处理了气液传输、碰并和云雨转化过程。在此基础上讨论了典型条件下的云雨酸化过程。模拟结果表明,高空云雨水组成随时间逐渐减小,地面雨水组成呈峰型分布。在降水后期pH值主要同O₃和SO₂有关;主要来自气溶胶,来自NH₃,气体和气溶胶对的贡献大致相当,和Ca￣(2＋)的云下清除约占60％～80％;在降水前期H₂O₂时S(Ⅳ)的氧化超过O₃,降水后期S(Ⅳ)的氧化主要通过O₃。      

趋势面方法在大气污染物观测与分析中的应用

提出了大气污染物观测是与分析中的一种新的方法——趋势面方法。这种用多项式函数模拟的趋势面可以找出城市大气降尘的总的趋势变化,还可以找出受局部因素影响具有局部特点的变化。      

滇中典型工矿业城市大气干湿沉降重金属等元素特征及健康风险评价

为研究滇中地区典型工矿业城市大气干湿沉降元素特征及健康风险,选择安宁市2019年6月至2020年7月间采集的大气干湿沉降物为研究对象,分别测定了干、湿沉降中TN、F、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、P、As和Hg这11个指标含量,计算了大气年沉降通量,并采用暴露风险模型评估了其对人体健康风险.结果表明：1大气干沉降物中除Cr、Ni和As,元素F、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量平均值显著高于安宁市表层土壤元素含量,其分别为5.82、3.00、28.27、57.53、2.83和1.08倍;湿沉降物中F和TN平均含量超过地表水Ⅴ类水标准值;2 TN年沉降通量最高,8种重金属元素的年沉降通量从小到大依次为：Hg-6,不存在致癌性风险或风险较小.因此需加强对区内工矿企业大气重金属排放的严格管控.     

设施叶菜类蔬菜重金属镉、铅和砷累积特征及健康风险评价

近年来京津冀地区春季扬沙、秋冬季节雾或霾频发,大气可吸入颗粒物尤其是PM2.5可负载镉铅砷等重金属,易被叶菜类蔬菜(叶菜)吸收并在可食部位累积,设施叶菜类蔬菜可食部位重金属的累积是否同样受大气沉降的影响.对此,以京津冀地区常见6种叶菜类蔬菜——菠菜、油麦菜、生菜、小白菜、茼蒿和茴香为主要对象,采用田间试验,探索了大棚叶...     

上海市夏季湿沉降汞的时空分布规律及其影响因素

为研究上海市夏季湿沉降汞的时空分布特征,按月采集了2008年夏季(6～8月)5个采样点的大气湿沉降样品,经过王水+BrC1水浴消解、SnCl2还原后,用原子荧光测汞仪测试了样品中的总汞、溶解态汞和颗粒态汞浓度并对结果加以分析。结果表明,上海市夏季各采样点湿沉降中总汞、溶解态汞和颗粒态汞的平均浓度变化范围大,分别为0.13～0.39μg/L、0.04～0.22μg/L、0.09～0.18μg/L,总体上各形态汞的浓度都较高。湿沉降总汞的浓度在时间上表现为6月份较低而7、8月份较高的特征,在空间上是浦东最高,普陀其次,宝山最低;颗粒态汞占总汞的比例大,并且在不同降水类型中所占总汞的比例不同,在梅雨期锋面雨中所占比例较少而在对流雨中所占比例较大;总汞的沉降量与降水量成明显的正相关关系。大气湿沉降中各形态汞的浓度受控因素较多,其中在重要排放源和市中心下风向地区汞的浓度偏高,这需要在节能减排上下功夫,从源头治理汞的污染。     

贵州省六冲关流域大气沉降和地表水化学特征

对比贵州六冲关森林小流域1992─1994年和2001─2005年2个时期穿透水沉降(TF)和地表水的化学组成,以分析大气沉降对森林小流域生物地球化学过程的影响. 结果表明:2001─2004年硫沉降量较1992─1994年有显著下降,但自2005年起硫沉降量又显著增加. 六冲关流域无机氮(尤其是NH₄+-N)沉降量较历史时期显著增加,说明贵阳市大气污染正在由硫酸型向硫酸-硝酸混合型过渡. 长期的大气沉降导致地表水中SO₄2-和NO₃-等阴离子质量浓度的增加,加剧了Ca,Mg和K等营养元素的流失,使地表水的酸中和能力在2002年为负值. 长期观测发现,地表水酸中和能力与穿透水中Ca和Mg的沉降通量密切相关,说明大气沉降已经对六冲关流域的相关生物地球化学过程造成了潜在的影响.      

闽南地区生态环境对酸沉降的临界负荷研究

报道了闽南生态环境对酸沉降临界负荷的研究结果。考虑到干、湿２种沉降形式,试用了１种新的酸沉降临界负荷计算方法:用树木和农作物的SO₂容量代表酸性干沉降的临界负荷,用土壤酸缓冲容量计算酸性湿沉降的临界负荷。结果表明:闽南的干、湿酸沉降临界负荷均大大高于现实酸沉降负荷      

Sulphate, Nitrogen and Base Cation Budgets at 21 Forested Catchments in Canada, the United States and Europe

To assess the concern over declining base cation levels in forest soils caused by acid deposition, input-output budgets (1990s average) for sulphate (SO₄), inorganic nitrogen (NO₃-N; NH₄-N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) were synthesised for 21 forested catchments from 17 regions in Canada, the United States and Europe. Trend analysis was conducted on monthly ion concentrations in deposition and runoff when more than 9 years of data were available (14 regions, 17 sites). Annual average SO₄ deposition during the 1990s ranged between 7.3 and 28.4 kg ha⁻¹ per year, and inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition was between 2.8 and 13.8 kg ha⁻¹ per year, of which 41–67% was nitrate (NO₃-N). Over the period of record, SO₄ concentration in deposition decreased in 13/14 (13 out of 14 total) regions and SO₄ in runoff decreased at 14/17 catchments. In contrast, NO₃-N concentrations in deposition decreased in only 1/14 regions, while NH₄-N concentration patterns varied; increasing at 3/14 regions and decreasing at 2/14 regions. Nitrate concentrations in runoff decreased at 4/17 catchments and increased at only 1 site, whereas runoff levels of NH₄-N increased at 5/17 catchments. Decreasing trends in deposition were also recorded for Ca, Mg, and K at many of the catchments and on an equivalent basis, accounted for up to 131% (median 22%) of the decrease in acid anion deposition. Base cation concentrations in streams generally declined over time, with significant decreases in Ca, Mg and K occurring at 8, 9 and 7 of 17 sites respectively, which accounted for up to 133% (median 48%) of the decrease in acid anion concentration. Sulphate export exceeded input at 18/21 catchments, likely due to dry deposition and/or internal sources. The majority of N in deposition (31–100%; median 94%) was retained in the catchments, although there was a tendency for greater NO₃-N leaching at sites receiving higher (<7 kg ha^-1 per year) bulk inorganic N deposition. Mass balance calculations show that export of Ca and Mg in runoff exceeds input at all 21 catchments, but K export only exceeds input at 16/21 sites. Estimates of base cation weathering were available for 18 sites. When included in the mass balance calculation, Ca, Mg and K exports exceeded inputs at 14, 10 and 2 sites respectively. Annual Ca and Mg losses represent appreciable proportions of the current exchangeable soil Ca and Mg pools, although losses at some of the sites likely occur from weathering reactions beneath the rooting zone and there is considerable uncertainty associated with mineral weathering estimates. Critical loads for sulphur (S) and N, using a critical base cation to aluminium ratio of 10 in soil solution, are currently exceeded at 7 of the 18 sites with base cation weathering estimates. Despite reductions in SO₄ and H⁺ deposition, mass balance estimates indicate that acid deposition continues to acidify soils in many regions with losses of Ca and Mg of primary concern. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged. The Canadian Crown reserves the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright.