闽江口互花米草入侵过程对短叶茳芏沼泽沉积物硝化-反硝化作用的影响

2014年4、7、10月和2015年1月在闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地选择未被入侵的短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)群落(A)、互花米草入侵斑块边缘(B)以及互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵斑块中央(C)为研究对象,基于时空互代研究方法,探讨互花米草入侵序列下湿地沉积物硝化-反硝化变化规律.结果表明:在互花米草入侵序列中,湿地沉积物硝化速率为0.19~1.66μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),反硝化速率为12.41~27.19μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1).沉积物硝化-反硝化作用存在明显的季节变化,硝化速率表现为夏季春季秋季冬季,反硝化速率表现为夏季秋季冬季春季;入侵不同状态下,沉积物硝化速率表现为BCA,反硝化速率表现为CBA.互花米草入侵提高了沉积物-水界面N_2O交换通量.互花米草入侵引起的沉积物pH、NH_4~+-N、含水量、容重和电导率等理化性质的改变是导致不同入侵阶段沉积物硝化-反硝化速率以及N_2O释放差异的重要原因.     

微生物燃料电池处理含S2-/NH4+废水的研究

以除硫硝化微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,MFC)处理含S~(2-)/NH_4~+的模拟无机废水,研究了不同进水S~(2-)浓度下MFC的产电性能、污染物去除效果和阳极室硫累积情况.结果表明,除硫硝化MFC可实现同步阳极除硫和阴极硝化,并通过非生物电化学作用和生物电化学作用共同产电.进水S~(2-)浓度为(60.8±2.9)、(131.7±2.4)、(161.7±4.5)和(198.1±3.1)mg·L~(-1)时,最佳阳极碳刷清洗周期分别为3、3、3、4个换水周期,前3个进水浓度下的换水周期可分别缩短为6、8和8 h.MFC阴极硝化完全,不受进水S~(2-)浓度影响,但氧从阴极向阳极的渗漏导致阳极库仑效率较低(40%).适当增加进水S~(2-)浓度可增强MFC的产电性能并提高S~(2-)去除负荷和颗粒硫累积比.除硫硝化MFC适宜的进水S~(2-)浓度为(161.7±4.5)mg·L~(-1),相应的最大功率密度为5.77 W·m~(-3),周期产电量为(141.0±5.2)C,S~(2-)去除负荷为(0.31±0.00)g·L~(-1)·d~(-1),颗粒硫累积比达58%.阳极碳纤维丝上沉积有粒径约100 nm的颗粒硫.阳极悬浮物与沉积物相比,悬浮物中S0含量比例较高,而S6+含量比例较低.     

污水处理过程中膜故障分析与防治对策

膜分离作为一门新型的高效分离、浓缩、提纯和净化技术,是支撑循环经济和可持续发展的重要技术.详细分析了污水处理过程中膜故障产生机理,并给出了相应的防治对策.     

A new approach to Assess Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition by Way of Standardized Exposition of mosses

A standardized method of moss exposition for assessing variations in nitrogen deposition was tested in the western part of Germany. Six pleurocarpous moss species were transplanted to two sites differing in their deposition rates but being comparable as to their climatic conditions. The mosses were exposed in standardized containers over a period of 12 months; the focus of interest was the effect of N deposition on nitrogen content and on ¹⁵N natural abundance (δ¹⁵N-values). Within the first nine months only trends could be observed. However, after one year all species tested showed significantly higher N concentrations at the highly polluted site. Besides, more negative δ¹⁵N-values possibly reflecting the higher ammonium input were detected at this site. Surprisingly, most of the plants though being kept in plastic containers without a favourable substratum did not show any conspicuous deficiency symptoms. The potential advantages of a standardized moss exposition for N monitoring purposes are discussed. It is concluded that the method presented here can yield significant results in particular if the number of testing sites is increased.     

Geographic Variability in Radon Exhalation at a Rehabilitated Uranium Mine in the Northern Territory, Australia

In this study, dry season radon flux densities and radon fluxes have been determined at the rehabilitated Nabarlek uranium mine in northern Australia using conventional charcoal canisters. Environmental background levels amounted to 31± 15 milli Becquerel per m² per second (mBq m⁻² s⁻¹). Radon flux densities within the fenced rehabilitated mine area showed large variations with a maximum of 6500 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹ at an area south of the former pit characterised by a disequilibrium between ²²⁶Ra and ²³⁸U. Radon flux densities were also high above the areas of the former pit (mean 971 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹) and waste rock dump (mean 335 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹). The lower limit for the total pre-mining radon flux from the fenced area (140 ha) was estimated to 214 kBq s⁻¹, post-mining radon flux amounted to 174 kBq s⁻¹.Our study highlights that the results of radon flux studies are vitally dependant on the selection of individual survey points. We suggest the use of a randomised system for both the selection of survey points and the placement of charcoal canisters at each survey point, to avoid over estimation of radon flux densities. It is also important to emphasize the significance of having reliable pre-mining radiological data available to assess the success of rehabilitation of a uranium mine site.2006 Springer. The Australian Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Evaluation of Carbon Uptake and Emissions by Forests in Korea During the Last Thirty Years (1973–2002)

The contribution of Korean forests to carbon sequestration for anthropogenic carbon emissions was evaluated. In addition, monitoring of carbon species released from forest fires was conducted. Despite a high carbon uptake by Korean forests, a tremendous increase in fossil fuel burning resulted in a small contribution by forests to carbon removal. The removal efficiency had a 5–31% range with an average of 12% during the period 1973–2002. In 2000, the amount of carbon released from burned trees corresponded to 1.6% of carbon uptake by forests. The distribution of surface CO concentration (ppb) derived from MOPITT (Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere) showed high CO levels over the East/Japan Sea on April 10, 2000 when the largest forest fires occurred along the east coast of Korea. Trajectory analysis and ground CO measurements also indicated that CO levels over the East/Japan Sea were influenced by forest fires. This study suggests that continuous monitoring of carbon emissions from forest fires is needed for a more reliable estimate of carbon flux in the environment.     

福建省兴化湾大气重金属的干湿沉降

在兴化湾周围采集1年的大气颗粒物及降雨样品,测定分析了Cd,Pb,Zn和Cu 4种重金属的含量及其大气干湿沉降通量随季节的变化规律,并利用Pb同位素对大气颗粒物的来源进行了解析.结果表明:大气重金属的干沉降通量随季节变化不大,而湿沉降通量随季节变化明显.大气干沉降通量中,Cd,Cu随季节变化很小,而Pb,Zn有一定的季节变化,主要是因为降雨对大气颗粒物的去除作用.大气湿沉降通量中,所有重金属元素受降雨量影响显著,另外还与季节和风速有关.除Pb外,Cd,Zn和Cu的湿沉降通量均大于干沉降通量,说明湿沉降在大气对兴化湾重金属的输入过程中起主导作用.而Pb的输入则以颗粒态为主.根据Pb稳定同位素分析,兴化湾大气颗粒物中的重金属主要来源于工业活动.      

内置转盘式膜-生物反应器处理污水的工艺条件研究

对内置转盘式膜-生物反应器(SRMBR)处理污水工艺进行了研究.进水COD 160～368 mg/L时,出水COD在运行1d后降低到20 mg/L以下,去除率大于90%;转盘式膜组件的转速在0～25 r/min范围内,平衡膜通量随转速增大而快速增加,继续增大转速则平衡膜通量的增加变得不显著;在一定范围(0～1min)内延长停抽时间有助于缓解膜污染;SRMBR在较低的气水比(15∶1)下运行,也可达到较高的平衡膜通量.研究表明,SRMBR在最佳组合操作条件(转速为25r/min,抽/停为9min/1min,气水比为15∶1,抽吸压力为25kPa)下运行,其平衡膜通量高达53.75L/(m²·h).     

膜表面形貌对厌氧膜生物反应器膜污染影响的试验研究

在厌氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度食品废水的试验中,借助原子力显微镜分析了四种表面形貌不同的聚醚砜超滤膜的通量衰减规律.结果表明,超滤膜表面形貌愈粗糙,膜通量的衰减速率愈快,且化学清洗后恢复愈困难.     

太湖水土界面氮磷交换通量的时空差异

利用原柱样静态释放实验及间隙水分子扩散模型对太湖典型草型湖区(东太湖)及藻型湖区(梅梁湾)的氮磷释放通量进行了逐月研究.原柱样氮磷静态界面交换通量(F_i)在同一湖泊不同生态类型湖区有差异性,东太湖氨态氮和可溶性磷酸盐的年平均交换通量分别为(44.9±21.9)mg·(m²·d)^-1(平均值±标准偏差)和(2.06±1.71)mg·(m²·d)^-1,梅梁湾为(16.2±12.0)mg·(m^-1·d)^-1和(0.53±0.52)mg·(m²·d)^-1.2湖区的分子扩散通量(F_m)同样表现为这样的差异,但是其绝对值与静态释放通量相比有数量级的差异,该模型不能用于太湖这样风浪显著且底栖生物活性较高的湖泊水土界面氮磷营养盐交换通量的估算.仅从不同生态类型的湖区比较结果看,草型湖区比藻型湖区有更高的氮磷交换通量.F_i/F_m比值作为1种反映底栖生物活性的指标反映出东太湖有更高的底栖活性.在水体溶解氧水平通常保持在较高的水平,即好氧状态下,氮磷界面交换通量与溶解氧水平(DO)无显著相关.同样,在现有浓度水平下,其水土界面交换通量与水体氮磷浓度无显著相关.东太湖较高的释放通量与相对较低的水体营养盐负荷的差异来自于大型水生植被的消浪促沉降及其本身的吸附吸收作用,这是恢复水生植被以重建健康水生生态系统的重要理论依据.