北京市大气降水理化特性的演变及其重要的环境效应

通过采集北京市2018、2019和2021年大气降水样品,研究了北京市大气降水中主要金属元素和水溶性离子浓度,重金属、水溶性离子、溶解性无机氮（DIN）和无机硫（SO₄^2--S）湿沉降通量及其对生态环境的影响,以及典型降水过程对大气污染物的清除机制. 结果表明,研究期间北京市降水多呈中性或碱性,酸雨率极低,仅为3.06%. 2018、2019和2021年降水中主要金属元素总浓度依次为（4 787.46 ±4 704.31）、（7 663.07 ±8 395.05）和（2 629.13 ±2 369.51）μg·L^-1,离子总当量浓度依次为（851.68 ±649.16）、（973.98 ±850.94）和（644.31 ±531.16）μeq·L^-1,二者年际变化均表现为：2019年>2018年>2021年;春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的主要金属元素总浓度的季节均值分别为（9 624.25 ±7 327.92）、（4 088.67 ±5 710.14）、（3 357.68 ±3 995.64）和（6 203.19 ±3 857.43）μg·L^-1,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的离子总当量浓度的季节均值分别为（1 014.71 ±512.21）、（729.83 ±589.90）、（724.35 ±681.40）和（1 014.03 ±359.67） μeq·L^-1,二者季节变化均表现为：春季>冬季>夏季>秋季. NO₃^-和SO₄^2-是主要的致酸离子,而NH₄⁺和Ca²⁺是主要的酸中和离子. 值得注意的是重金属Cd的湿沉降通量虽然较低,仅占所有重金属湿沉降通量的（0.13 ±0.04）%,但Cd的土壤安全年限为291 a,显著低于其他重金属,因此,其生态风险相对较高. 水溶性离子NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的湿沉降通量占总离子湿沉降通量的（85.72 ±2.18）%,对生态环境的综合影响可能较大. DIN湿沉降通量主要以NH₄⁺-N为特征,在夏季对生态环境具有重要的促进作用. SO₄^2--S湿沉降通量在夏季较高,对生态环境的促进作用较大. 大气降水对污染物的清除作用受诸多因素影响,这些因素协同作用直接影响降水对污染物的清除机制.     

Long Term NH3 Flux Measurements above Grasslands in The Netherlands

Ammonia concentration gradients were measuredabove a grassland in an agricultural region fromJuly 1998 to July 2000 at the locationSchagerbrug in the Netherlands. They were used tocalculate the surface-atmosphere exchange ofammonia by means of the aerodynamic gradienttechnique. Measurements of the ammonia exchangewere also performed at a grass field that is partof a major wetland reserve in the centre of theNetherlands (Oostvaardersplassen), during theperiod June 1994–September 1995. At Schagerbrug,low net emissions or small depositions weremeasured during the winter months, and a netemission up to 5 kg NH₃ ha^-1 month^-1 in summer. The net annual emission was 26 kgN ha^-1, with manure application contributingabout 50% of this emission. AtOostvaardersplassen mainly deposition occurred,but large emissions were measured in autumn. Themeasured exchange fluxes are compared to modelevaluations that incorporate plant physiologicaldata, such as apoplastic NH₄ ⁺concentrations and pH. Results show a goodagreement between field observations and modelsimulations, although some improvements arenecessary during nighttime periods. Themeasurements are conducted within the GRAMINAEproject, a second tranche project of EC TERI.     

合肥市冬季颗粒物污染传输通道分析及通量研究

综合前后向轨迹聚类分析、激光雷达探测传输量及典型案例,系统分析2018—2020年冬季合肥市主要传输型重污染过程,揭示合肥大气污染输送通道的主要特征和污染期间PM_2.5的传输通量。结果表明：合肥市冬季污染主要输入通道分别为京津冀-山东西部-安徽北部-合肥(35%)、山东南部-安徽北部-南京-合肥(26%)、内蒙古-河北-山东-江苏中部-合肥(24%)、内蒙古-山西-河北南部-河南-安徽北部-合肥(15%);主要输出通道为合肥-六安或安庆-湖北-江西(54%)、合肥-安徽北部-江苏北部(18%)、合肥-河南南部-陕西(17%)、合肥-上海或浙江-海上(11%)。对激光雷达监测结果采用像素检测法分析,结果表明2018—2020年污染传输过程的平均传输通量分别可达20.3、33.7、19.5 t/h,年际差异较大。外源传输通量较高时的主导风向为偏北风,并且风速为3.1 m/s左右。合肥市处于安徽省自北向南污染传输通道的中游区域,受上游城市传输影响显著,典型污染传输型的平均传输通量可比上游城市(淮北市)低57.6%,比下游城市(池州市)高25.5%,且污染过程中常伴随PM...     

稻田中有机硫气体释放的研究

分析测定了水稻生长期内含硫气体的释放通量 .分析表明 ,水稻的生理活动对含硫气体的释放有显著的影响 ,水稻主要释放二硫化碳 (CS2 )和二甲基硫 (DMS)气体 .而对羰基硫 (COS)有一定的吸收作用 .水稻田中总硫平均释放强度约为 5 0mg·m- 2 ,施肥对稻田硫的释放有影响     

Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions from wetland and agriculture ecosystems in Sanjiang Plain

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) are important greenhouse gases (GHGs). The objective of this study is to quantify the aggregate GHG (CH₄, N₂O and CO₂) emissions and estimate economic losses of three ecosystems (marsh, paddy field and upland) in the Sanjiang Plain, excluding the Muling-Xiangkai Plain, south of Wanda Mountain. The results indicate the economic losses from GHG emissions of marshes were from 6.40 to 7.75?×?10⁹ CNY (Chinese Yuan), those of paddy fields were from 1.41 to 3.20?×?10⁹ CNY; and from uplands were from 0.26 to 0.49?×?10⁹ CNY. Using linear trend analysis, the economic losses through GHG emissions of marshes fell between 1982 and 2005, but those from paddy fields and uplands increased. In our study, the sequence in magnitude of the economic losses from GHG emissions was: marshes > paddy fields > uplands. In fact, the economic value of GHG emissions was negative because of these adverse impacts on the environment. This article could provide a reference for calculation of GHG exchange. The results suggest that improvement of fertiliser use efficiency for more precise agricultural management and returning straw to cropland could mitigate GHG emissions and would help to achieve sustainable development.     

Ozone fluxes over various plant ecosystems in Italy: A review

Among air pollutants, ozone is the most important stressor to vegetation, which undergoes damage and biomass reduction after penetration of ozone molecules into the leaf tissues through the stomata. Stomatal ozone fluxes are considered the governing factor needed to assess risk to plant health due to ozone. Although this parameter may be calculated by modeling, direct measurements are scarce. Moreover, southern European situations, especially regarding Italy, require special attention due to the decoupling between ozone concentrations and fluxes. This work reviews ozone flux measurements made during the last 15 years through Italy.     

近60年来崇明岛东部淤涨速率初探

崇明岛作为我国最大的河口冲积岛,其形成发育与长江来水来沙息息相关。历史上就有崇明岛围垦筑堤的记载,近60年来崇明岛东部地区所筑大堤主要有54大堤、64大堤、68大堤、92大堤和98大堤。选取正东、东北、东南不同方向的4个断面,以大堤位置代表所筑年份海岸线位置,对崇明岛东部淤涨速率及滩地淤涨面积变化进行计算,结果表明:(1)近60年来崇明岛东部整体淤涨速率约为200 m/a,淤涨面积年均增长率为2.80 km~2/a;(2)不同断面上淤涨速率存在差别,其中正东方向断面上淤涨最快;(3)不同时段崇明岛东部各断面淤涨速率存在快慢变化。各断面上,20世纪90年代的淤涨速率均最大。对比发现,20世纪50~80年代崇明岛东部淤涨速率的变化趋势,与同期长江年入海泥沙量的变化趋势基本一致;但20世纪90年代,由于围垦强度加大,两者变化趋势不一致。以海堤研究岸线变迁的工作尚不多见,此方法将为研究长时间尺度的岸线变迁提供借鉴。     

广西贺州市典型矿区周边耕层土壤Cd通量特征

广西是我国西南部典型的地质高背景区,碳酸盐岩、黑色岩系、基性-超基性岩体与金属矿床（矿化体）强烈的风化成壤作用,使土壤重金属镉（Cd）含量高于全国其他地区.为了查明在地质高背景区矿业活动对耕层土壤环境质量的影响程度,在广西贺州市选取矿业活动影响区和对照区为研究区,系统开展了耕层土壤Cd输送途径及输送通量密度的对比研究.结果表明,在矿区和对照区耕层土壤中,Cd大气干湿沉降通量密度平均值分别为1.87 g·（hm²·a）^-1和1.52 g·（hm²·a）^-1,分别占总输入通量密度的61.5%和60.3%,施肥和灌溉输入土壤Cd通量密度较低;Cd的输出途径均以地表水下渗为主,分别占总输出通量密度的75.4%和86.6%,农作物收割输出通量密度矿区高于对照区,且矿区内种植的水稻籽实Cd含量超标率更高,玉米籽实则未超标.整体上,矿区与对照区土壤Cd净输送通量密度分别为-3.05 g·（hm²·a）^-1和-4.05 g·（hm²·a）^-1,表现为土壤Cd淋失状态,但大气干湿沉降输入通量密度高值点和水稻籽实Cd含量超标点均主要分布在矿区周围,有可能对当地居民健康造成潜在威胁,因此建议通过监控和种植结构调整对该区域Cd污染土壤进行治理.     

Degrading permafrost river catchments and their impact on Arctic Ocean nearshore processes

Arctic warming is causing ancient perennially frozen ground (permafrost) to thaw, resulting in ground collapse, and reshaping of landscapes. This threatens Arctic peoples'' infrastructure, cultural sites, and land-based natural resources. Terrestrial permafrost thaw and ongoing intensification of hydrological cycles also enhance the amount and alter the type of organic carbon (OC) delivered from land to Arctic nearshore environments. These changes may affect coastal processes, food web dynamics and marine resources on which many traditional ways of life rely. Here, we examine how future projected increases in runoff and permafrost thaw from two permafrost-dominated Siberian watersheds—the Kolyma and Lena, may alter carbon turnover rates and OC distributions through river networks. We demonstrate that the unique composition of terrestrial permafrost-derived OC can cause significant increases to aquatic carbon degradation rates (20 to 60% faster rates with 1% permafrost OC). We compile results on aquatic OC degradation and examine how strengthening Arctic hydrological cycles may increase the connectivity between terrestrial landscapes and receiving nearshore ecosystems, with potential ramifications for coastal carbon budgets and ecosystem structure. To address the future challenges Arctic coastal communities will face, we argue that it will become essential to consider how nearshore ecosystems will respond to changing coastal inputs and identify how these may affect the resiliency and availability of essential food resources.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01666-z.     

Aggregated Estimation of Basic Parameters of Biological Production and Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 3. Biogeochemical Carbon Fluxes

The biogeochemical cycle of organic carbon in Russian terrestrial ecosystems in 1990 is considered. Its components have been estimated as follows: net primary production, 4354 million metric tons of carbon (Mt C); annual amount of plant detritus, 3223 Mt C; heterotrophic soil respiration, 3214 Mt C; biomass utilization, 680 Mt C; damage to vegetation caused by fire and pests, 140 Mt C; and removal by surface and ground waters, 79 Mt C. Anthropogenically regulated fluxes of organic carbon (820 Mt C) are comparable to its amount involved in the natural cycle.