袋式除尘器喷管喷吹口径优化

喷管喷吹均匀是为了使同一排滤袋清灰力度均匀。针对袋式除尘器喷管喷吹气流均匀性的问题,国内外学者对各喷嘴出口气流质量流量的均匀性十分关注。采用流体力学fluent软件对喷管内流场进行模拟,提出了同一排滤袋清灰强弱分布受到各喷嘴出口气流的动量通量分布的影响,而不是质量流量的看法。对引射空间流场进行模拟,验证了这一看法。结果表明,为了达到喷管喷吹均匀,应使各喷嘴出口气流动量通量分布均匀。采用动量通量修正和重复迭代的方法对喷管喷吹口径进行优化设计,获得了较好的动量通量均匀性。     

海州露天矿采空区地表CO2通量的试验研究

为探究海州露天矿东邦废弃采空区自然发火状态,基于采空区遗煤自燃特性和气体扩散理论,采用智能土壤气体通量监测系统,以月为单位,对东邦自燃采空区上覆地表CO₂通量开展长周期、多测点连续性监测试验;根据试验区域内地表CO₂通量和土壤温度分布特征,探究地下火区释放CO₂的地表涌出范围和变化情况;同时,着眼于温室气体排放的评估,计算试验区域内的CO₂涌出量,并分析其随时间的变化特征。结果表明:地表CO₂通量与土壤温度有明显正相关性;试验区域地表CO₂高通量区域呈逐月扩大和递增的趋势;CO₂涌出量随月份逐渐递增,试验区域年CO₂涌出量约为3.6×10⁶ m³。     

珠江流域河流碳输出通量及变化特征

研究河流碳运移对于研究全球碳循环以及探讨河流对全球气候变化的响应机制具有重要意义.2012年4月和7月选取珠江主流及支流11个代表性断面,分析悬浮颗粒物和碳组分的空间分布和季节变化,同时选取博罗、石角和高要这3个主控断面,对珠江流域的碳通量和侵蚀模数进行了估算.结果表明,珠江流域悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、颗粒有机碳(POC)以及溶解有机碳(DOC)随雨季的到来而质量浓度升高,西江上游TSS和POC的质量浓度增加显著;珠江流域河流碳的4种组分中,溶解无机碳(DIC)的所占质量分数最高,且西江、北江的DIC质量浓度明显高于东江;西江、北江和东江河流中外源POC分别占78%、72%和26%,三大支流的POC均受上游C3植物的影响;珠江流域的TSS、总碳(TC)、POC、颗粒无机碳(PIC)、DOC、DIC、以及颗粒碳(TPC)、总有机碳(TOC)的入海通量分别为134×1012、12.69×1012、2.50×1012、1.01×1012、1.13×1012、8.05×1012、3.51×1012和3.65×1012g·a-1,对应的侵蚀模数分别为:309×106、28.98×106、5.75×106、2.27×106、2.56×106、18.4×106、8.02×106和8.31×106g·(km2.a)-1.与全球主要河流碳侵蚀模数相比,珠江流域河流DOC、POC和TOC的侵蚀模数均高于全球平均值.     

逐级化学提取法研究煤中溴的赋存状态

采用逐级化学提取法研究了煤中溴的赋存状态,用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）测定了煤及各种提取状态中溴的含量．结果表明,来自四川和重庆的8个煤中溴主要以水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态和有机态存在,平均总提取率为88．2％．对于烟煤和无烟煤,前者有机态溴的相对量大于后者,平均值分别为22．3％和20．0...     

Suspended particulate mercury associated with tidal fluxes in a lagoon environment impacted by cinnabar mining activity (northern Adriatic Sea)

The Isonzo River has been demonstrated to be a continuing point source of mercury(Hg)in the Gulf of Trieste although the Idrija mine was last active in 1996. The present study aims to investigate the role of the suspended particulate matter(SPM) associated with tidal fluxes to disperse particulate Hg(PHg) into the Grado coastal lagoon system. PHg concentrations(avg. 3.11 ± 2.62 μg/g, d.w.), notwithstanding the ebb or flood tides, were significantly higher than the local sediment background(0.13 μg/g). The relative affinity of Hg for the particulate phase in surface waters was confirmed by higher average distribution coefficient(Kd) values(5.6–6.7). PHg contents showed the highest values in ebb tide conditions, thus suggesting their origin from the erosion of tidal flats and saltmarshes of the lagoon. When compared to river discharge, high PHg surface concentrations in flood tide are related to rainfall events occurring within the river basin. Results can be used to make an indicative assessment of the amount of Hg bound to SPM which is transported in and out of the lagoon basin following the action of tidal fluxes. A simple estimation provides a negative budget for the Grado lagoon sub-basin which loses between 0.14 and 1.16 kg of PHg during a tidal semi-cycle. This conclusion is in agreement with the evidence of morphological deterioration which has emerged from recent studies on the lagoon environment, and which testifies to a current sedimentary loss from the lagoon into the northern Adriatic Sea.     

重庆主城区降水中重金属的分布特征及其沉降量

于2011年12月~2012年11月,在重庆主城区设置了3个采样点,利用湿沉降自动采样器收集降水样品,用ICP-MS对样品中13种重金属进行分析,并通过引入富集因子,研究了重庆主城区降水中重金属含量分布特征、污染水平及沉降量.结果表明,重庆主城区降水中大部分重金属元素的含量水平和年沉降量高于国内其他城市和国外一些地区,其中,Cd、Pb、As含量和沉降量分别为0.55μg·L-1和0.44 mg·(m2·a)-1、37.94μg·L-1和30.25 mg·(m2·a)-1、5.65μg·L-1和4.50mg·(m2·a)-1,相对较高.另外,重庆主城区降水中重金属含量和沉降量空间差异不大,但都有明显的季节差异,含量在秋季和冬季出现较大值,而沉降量在春季和夏季出现较大值.富集因子计算结果显示,多种重金属元素的富集因子相对较高,其中Cd和Se的富集因子分别为1 740和4 133,污染较为严重.     

层状半空间中沉积谷地对入射SV波的放大作用——时域解答

利用傅里叶变换方法,研究了层状半空间中沉积谷地对SV波的时域散射问题。首先,通过傅里叶变换将时域问题转换为离散的频域问题,针对有效频率成分采用间接边界元方法求解频域响应,再将所得频域结果进行傅里叶逆变换得到时域解答。通过与已有结果的对比,验证了方法的正确性。最后,以基岩上单一土层中沉积谷地在R icker波入射下的散射问题为例进行了数值计算分析,结果表明,沉积谷地和土层的存在都会造成振动持续时间的增长;层状半空间中沉积谷地和均匀半空间中沉积谷地对波的放大作用存在显著差别。文中分析了造成该差别的原因,并讨论了覆盖层厚度和刚度对散射效应的影响。     

珠江口现代沉积物柱芯样多环芳烃高分辨沉积记录研究

通过对采集于珠江三角洲澳门河口区的沉积物柱状样品中多环芳烃的GC MS定量分析测定,并结合210Pb同位素定年分析,重建了珠江口近代有机污染物的污染史(1959～1996年).研究结果表明,柱芯样品中多环芳烃的浓度为0.6～4.5μg·g-1(干重计),污染程度为中等.其中在20世纪60年代和80年代分别记录到两个高的污染峰,表明这两个时间段内有较大的污染物输入.以母体化合物比值对沉积物样品中的多环芳烃来源进行了分析,结果表明是受到了以油类和不完全燃烧产物为主的混合污染,且污染来源较为单一.对沉积物毒性潜在效应的计算表明,表层沉积物毒性效应较大,且从90年代初期开始后至1996年,毒性当量浓度呈线性趋势增加.     

Benthic Fluxes and Pore Water Profiles in the Tigullio Gulf

Diffusive fluxes of elements (NO^-₂, NO^-₃, NH⁺₄, SiO₂, PO^3-₄, Cl^-, SO^2-₄, Fe, Mn) have been measured by applying the Fick's first law in two stations of the Tigullio Gulf: the first one characterized by sandy sediments rich in vegetal detritus and the second one, located to within the tourist harbour, characterized by a silty-clay sediments.

Benthic fluxes were measured only in the second station by means of benthic chamber experiments. Although the significant presence of dissolved oxygen in the surface sediments, and the evidence of processes usually occurring in oxidised sediments such as nitrification, both stations also presented characteristics of anoxic sediments such as high oxygen consumption rate and high pore water concentrations of ion, manganese and N-ammonia and reactive orthophosphate.

In both stations, sediments seemed to represent a potential source for most of the chemical species studied, although fluxes were not confirmed for ion, manganese and reactive orthophosphate in benthic chamber experiments.

Diffusive fluxes presented a general agreement for both stations, with higher fluxes of N-nitrate and N-nitrite at the first station were oxidative processes of N-ammonia in the upper layer of the sediments seemed to be more active. the comparison between diffusive and benthic fluxes showed a possible contribution of bioturbation.     

A stochastic-advective transport model for NAPL dissolution and degradation in non-uniform flows in porous media

Remediation schemes for contaminated sites are often evaluated to assess their potential for source zone reduction of mass, or treatment of the contaminant between the source and a control plane (CP) to achieve regulatory limits. In this study, we utilize a stochastic stream tube model to explain the behavior of breakthrough curves (BTCs) across a CP. At the local scale, mass dissolution at the source is combined with an advection model with first-order decay for the dissolved plume. Field-scale averaging is then employed to account for spatial variation in mass within the source zone, and variation in the velocity field. Under the assumption of instantaneous mass transfer from the source to the moving liquid, semi-analytical expressions for the BTC and temporal moments are developed, followed by derivation of expressions for effective velocity, dispersion, and degradation coefficients using the method of moments. It is found that degradation strongly influences the behavior of moments and the effective parameters. While increased heterogeneity in the velocity field results in increased dispersion, degradation causes the center of mass of the plume to shift to earlier times, and reduces the dispersion of the BTC by lowering the concentrations in the tail. Modified definitions of effective parameters are presented for degrading solutes to account for the normalization constant (zeroth moment) that keeps changing with time or distance to the CP. It is shown that anomalous dispersion can result for high degradation rates combined with wide variation in velocity fluctuations. Implications of model results on estimating cleanup times and fulfillment of regulatory limits are discussed. Relating mass removal at the source to flux reductions past a control plane is confounded by many factors. Increased heterogeneity in velocity fields causes mass fluxes past a control plane to persist, however, aggressive remediation between the source and CP can reduce these fluxes.