草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫群落多样性变化的数值分析

对宁夏沙坡头自然保护区不同沙化和人工固沙草地地段昆虫和植物群落特征参数、环境因子进行了调查．按不同营养层类群、栖息型类群和重要目分别进行了昆虫多样性变化规律的研究,应用主分量分析法和相关分析法,分析了草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫不同类群多样性间以及多样性变化与植物、环境因子的关系．结果表明,昆虫多样性随草地沙化的加重而降低,以直翅目、膜翅目和食叶类群的下降率最大;随草地的恢复昆虫多样性趋于增加,以鳞翅目、同翅目、半翅目、脉翅目及捕食类群增长率为大．寄生类群和捕食类群多样性取决于植食类群多样性;杂食类群与地栖性类群成显著性相关．影响昆虫多样性变化的主要环境因子为植物种类、层次结构、盖度和表土层厚度、坚硬度等．     

干旱荒漠区人工绿洲土壤盐碱化风险综合评估与演变分析

为明晰干旱荒漠区人工绿洲水盐时空分异特征与盐碱化风险空间格局演变过程,以甘肃省景电灌区为研究区,以2002,2010及2018年为研究代表年,基于多级模糊理论从地质气候驱动、水土环境驱动和自然-人类驱动3个驱动过程构建土壤盐碱化风险评估体系,集成云发生器原理、黄金分割率法、组合赋权法以及排队理论构建土壤盐碱化空间风险综...     

The GANE Roof Project: The impact of reduced N & S deposition and experimental warming in an acid grassland

A field-based system used to quantify the response of acid grassland to reduced atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition, and to investigate the effects of elevated soil temperature on acid grassland development is described. The system is based on 12 retractable roofs, covering undisturbed experimental plots of acid grassland and three controls. Nine roofs are used to exclude natural precipitation and three roofs used to retain emitted IR radiation at night. An irrigation system has been developed to simulate natural precipitation, allowing for the application of specific treatment regimes of ambient, reduced nitrogen and reduced nitrogen/sulphur deposition beneath the nine rain exclusion plots. Plant, soil parameters, leachate chemistry and gaseous fluxes are being monitored and initial results on soil water chemistry are described. Warming appeared to enhance nitrate concentrations in soil water but this was not sustained beyond the first year of treatment. In contrast, the deposition reduction treatments decreased soil water nitrate concentrations within a few weeks of reducing deposition. This was not observed for other solutes such as sulphate or ammonium suggesting a more direct link between deposition of nitrate and leaching losses.     

放牧对荒漠草原建群种和优势种生态位的影响

短花针茅荒漠草原建群种为短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）,优势种为无芒隐子草（Cleistogenes songorica）和碱韭（Allium polyrrhizum）,3个种群地上现存量之和可达群落现存量的60%~80%,其数量消长、时空变化及结构的位移均会引起群落的巨大波动。为明确3个植物种群占有空间资源的能力、相互关系及其受放牧影响的变化规律,以内蒙古苏尼特右旗赛汉塔拉镇1999年建立的荒漠草原教学科研基地建群种和优势种为研究对象,于2012年8月在围封区（CK）和自由放牧区（CG）按样带法和样地法进行取样,运用生态位宽度指数、生态位重叠指数及灰色关联度进行数据分析,结果如下。受放牧影响,短花针茅和碱韭主要通过大幅度调节生态位宽度来保证植物种群存活及其在群落中的地位和作用,变化幅度分别为0.429~0.813和0.235~0.828;而无芒隐子草生态位宽度变化不大（为0.556~0.761）,其对放牧影响的耐受性较强。在生态位重叠方面,短花针茅与无芒隐子草受放牧影响后分别与其他两植物种群重叠程度增加,而碱韭植物种群表现相反;生态位重叠程度变化与种对间的竞争能力有关,也与种对间的亲和能力有关,且存在不对称性。     

放牧与围栏羊草草原土壤呼吸作用及其影响因子

基于静态箱式法连续2a的测定资料,比较分析了内蒙古典型羊草草原放牧与围栏样地土壤呼吸作用及其与各影响因子的关系.结果表明:①围栏内外土壤呼吸作用日、季动态差异不大,但围栏样地土壤呼吸速率明显高于放牧样地,其平均值分别是219.18 mg·(m²·h)^-1和111.27 mg·(m²·h)^-1,围栏样地土壤呼吸作用的升高可能与地下生物量增加和土壤水分改善有关;②对影响土壤呼吸作用的因子分析表明,放牧使土壤水分和相对湿度的影响明显降低,而对气温、大气CO₂浓度和光合有效辐射的影响并不大,且放牧使羊草净光合速率的影响明显增加,而对气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度影响不大;③围栏样地土壤呼吸作用与各影响因子的相关性从大到小依次为土壤水分、净光合速率、气温、相对湿度、大气CO₂浓度、胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度和光合有效辐射,其中土壤水分和气温是影响土壤呼吸作用的主要环境因子,净光合速率是主要的生物因子.尽管放牧改变了土壤呼吸速率,但土壤呼吸作用各影响因子的排列顺序基本上没有改变,只是发生了量的变化.     

Does low N-mineralisation rate in soils under grass help limit nitrate leaching in summer?

This paper aimed to confirm the hypothesis that rates of ammonification and net mineral-N production in soils under grass in summer are low and this, rather than nitrate uptake by plants, reduces mineral leaching from soils in summer. Six sets of soil samples were collected from under mown grass on the University of York campus in the UK. Samples were taken from two depths in late summer (August) and late autumn (November) to compare seasonal differences in N species transformations when field-moist soils were incubated for a week at ambient outdoor temperatures after prior removal of vegetation. Ammonification and net mineral-N production rates were low in August in spite of warm temperatures. Net mineral-N production rates were also low in November. The results agreed with those of an earlier study in a different year after considering weather differences between years. They support the hypothesis that litter accumulated over autumn/winter will be minimally mineralised and retain N before the temperature rises in spring. The study shows the merit of measuring concentrations of mineral-N species in both fresh soils and soils incubated at ambient outdoor temperatures after removing plant material to eliminate plant N uptake effects. The results suggest that soil C% and N% are more important than soil C:N ratio alone in understanding controls on N transformations.     

Desertification in the Sudan: causes,effects and policy options

Desertification is the spread of desert-like conditions in arid and semi-arid conditions. It is a result of pressure from both climatic and human factors. Desertification in the Sudan has been accelerating at a faster rate over the last two decades, leading to marginalization and the loss of arable land. The main factors contributing to desertification include drought, population growth, the spread of extensive agriculture, deforestation, rapid urbanization, the erosion of local political power, the lack of economic institutions and the absence of social institutions which have tended to reduce the capacity of the local people to cope with the resource degradation problem. Initiatives to arrest the desert encroachment must include improved cultivation methods, proper grazing management, reforestation and integration of livestock and crop production systems, coupled with good linkages to light processing industries.

This paper identifies the causal factors of desert encroachment, assesses its impact on the environment and humanity and concludes by recommending specific strategies to control the desert encroachment problem.     

The obtaining of biosphere reserve decrees in Mexico: analysis of three cases

SUMMARY

During eight years, the Biological Research Center of the Northwest promoted the federal decrees to attain legal protection of three key zones for biodiversity conservation in Mexico: La Sierra de La Laguna, El Desierto del Vizcaíno, and E1 Archipiélago Revillagigedo Biosphere Reserves. In this work, we discuss the biological and socioeconomical importance of these three regions, the necessary steps to attain a Presidential decree in Mexico, and the required strategies to promote local and political support for each decree. In a country like Mexico, the promotion of one Presidential decree to declare a zone as a biosphere reserve must successfully address two different goals: the technical and the political. The technical phase can be successfully completed by a research centre or university in 6 to 12 months; while the political phase may or may not be successfully completed. If successful, in our experience, it can be attained with 2 to 96 months of continuous efforts.     

Changes in CO2 flux for different recovery processes of desertification in the alpine meadows of Northwest Sichuan北大核心CSCD

Desertification has emerged as a serious threat to the alpine meadows of Northwest Sichuan in recent decades. Artificial vegetation had certain effects on desertification recovery, while how the CO2 flux changed and its reasons are still unclear. During the growing season in 2016 (i.e., from July to September), we selected the desertified alpine meadows with different recovery degrees, including the early stage of restoration, the middle stage of restoration, the late stage of restoration, and control (the unrecovered desertification meadow) as four transects. CO2 flux was measured by the instrument LI-8100, and the microenvironment factors that affected CO2 flux changes were analyzed. The results showed that the carbon sequestration function of desertified alpine meadows gradually increased with the degree of recovery. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were -1.61, -3.55, and -4.38 μmol m-2 s-1 in the early, mid-term, and late transects, respectively, and the most dramatic changes occurred from the early stage to mid-term stage, increasing by 120.50%. Both ecosystem respiration (ER) and soil respiration (SR) were enhanced significantly with restoration (P < 0.05). In mid or late July, NEE, ER, and SR reached their maximum values, and thereafter, the indicators varied to near zero (P < 0.05). During the whole growing season, the daily dynamic in CO2 flux for the control alpine meadow was mild and retained the trend of continuous release all day, but that in the desertified alpine meadow was a single peak pattern. Moreover, with restoration process, the peak of CO2 flux increased and reached a peak in the late stage of the recovery process. The regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between CO2 flux and vegetation coverage, aboveground biomass, and soil moisture (0-5 cm) (P < 0.01), and a weak correlation with 0-5-cm soil temperature (P < 0.01). This indicates that topsoil moisture (5 cm) is a more significant factor for CO2 flux than topsoil temperature during the growing season in the restoration of desertified alpine meadows in Northwest Sichuan. In general, the vegetation recovery significantly improved the carbon-sequestration ability of the desertified alpine meadows during the growing season in Northwest Sichuan, and at the middle stage of restoration, the carbon-sequestration ability improved significantly due to vegetation restoration and increase in topsoil (0-5 cm) moisture. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

祁连县天然草地地上生物量及草畜平衡研究

论文利用2013—2014年的MOD13Q1数据、草地地上生物量鲜重实测数据、多年降水数据和统计年鉴数据,建立了祁连县草地地上生物量与牧草鲜重的遥感监测模型以及不同季节放牧草场的理论载畜量模型,分析了天然草地草产量年内动态变化与载畜量平衡状况并对草畜调控进行模拟。结果表明：MODIS增强型植被指数EVI的指数函数可以较好地模拟祁连县草地地上生物量鲜重,精度达到71%;年内牧草生长呈单峰曲线,7月草地可食产量达到峰值 2 322.61 kg/hm²,12月最低,为702.06 kg/hm²;祁连县冷暖季平均可食鲜草产量分别为1 728.14和1 604.70 kg/hm²,年可食鲜草总量分别达到7.74×10⁸和7.82×10⁸ kg;暖季、冷季和全年的理论载畜量分别为1.517 8、0.637 0和0.931 4羊单位/hm²,暖季、冷季和全年的超载率分别为101.70%、261.19%和149.22%;保持现有的家畜数量,需在暖季草场和冷季草场分别补饲牧草0.36×10⁸ 和7.17×10⁸ kg;保持现有草场,则暖季草场和冷季草场分别需要减6.68×10⁴和53.64×10⁴羊单位;暖季不进行补饲,冷季草场家畜在减少40%的情况下,依旧需要补饲1.17×10⁸ kg。