美军三大自然环境试验中心

介绍了美军三大自然环境试验中心———沙漠环境试验中心、寒冷地区试验中心及热带地区试验中心的职能,并叙述了3个试验中心所能进行的有关测试项目。     

城镇生活污水就近引灌沙漠造林

城镇生活污水排入水体，严重影响水资源的使用价值。沙漠地区因缺水，造成许多地方造林失败。本文提出了城镇生活污水就近引灌沙漠造林的构想，从经济和环境影响两个方面将其与传统方案进行了比较，结果表明，新方案优势明显。     

内蒙古荒漠草原生态环境监测区土壤环境监测初报

草原地区，降水的波动性对草本植物的生理机理、生态学机理、演替机理、生物量、载畜量、表层土壤养分含量等生态因子影响很大。本文分析报告了降水的波动性对荒漠草原生态环境监测区及代表类型区等表层土壤养分含量的影响。     

内蒙古自治区荒漠的保护与合理利用

通过对内蒙古地区不同地带，不同类型荒漠及其基本特征分析，找出防止目前荒漠区开发利用中存在的如沙漠化迅速扩展的问题，并提出相应的资源合理利用与保护对策。     

我国南疆荒漠喀什-和田地区的畜牧业特点与发展战略

作者在对该地区进行实地考察的基础上,研究了位于新疆南部荒漠最西部两个地区的自然环境和经济条件后,指出该地区畜牧业的 4个基本特点,概括了该地区畜牧业与生态环境以及牧业生产条件之间的关系。地处内陆,极端干旱,周围高山环绕,绿洲经济与绿洲农业发达,对该地区畜牧业的现状与发展有深刻影响。从而作者提出了该地区发展畜牧业的方向与战略。指出今后应以发展集约化的平原绿洲畜牧业为主体。改革饲养方式,加强饲料生产,提高畜群生产水平,近期商品性生产的发展要与自给性生产的发展相结合。使我国这一特殊类型地区的畜牧业得以顺利发展。     

Odour profile congruity in two closely related desert tenebrionid beetles: Homology as the basis for a cleptoparasitic relationship?

Summary Parastizopus armaticeps andEremostibes opacus are two closely related desert tenebrionids which also live in close association, the former having biparental brood care and the latter cleptoparasitising the brood.E. opacus is unable to discriminate between the conspecific and host odour even in the absence of physical contact. Gas chromatographic analysis of headspace volatiles of resting animals showed almost complete qualitative and quantitative odour congruity between them. Comparison of these odour profiles with those of two other tenebrionids sharing the same ecological niche,Gonopus agrestis andHerpiscius sp. (damaralis?) showed that congruity was independent of common foodplant utilisation. It is also independent of common defensive gland secretions. Parallels between resting odour spectra, defensive secretion spectra and systematic status suggest that the origins of congruity lie in odour homology, by means of which the cleptoparasite was able to exploit its host.     

太湖西部流域滨岸带土壤磷形态空间分布与影响因素比较

为了揭示不同流域滨岸带的生态功能,于2015年夏季采集太湖西部苕溪流域和天目湖流域不同滨岸带（林地、耕地、草地、荒地）土壤,利用连续顺序提取法获得无机磷形态,分析土壤磷形态的空间分布特征、影响因素以及土壤磷形态与地下水中TDP（总溶解性磷）的联系.结果表明:苕溪滨岸带的磷形态含量总体上高于天目湖滨岸带,但组成方面有所差异.滨岸带土壤的NH₄Cl-P（弱吸附态磷）、BD-P（还原态磷）、NaOH-P（金属氧化物结合态磷）含量随土壤深度的增加而降低,HCl-P（钙结合态磷）含量随土壤深度的增加而增加,耕地表现得最为明显.从高地到滨水带,草地和荒地的磷形态含量有略微增加的趋势,而林地和耕地的磷形态含量均降低,耕地同样表现得最为明显.苕溪滨岸带磷形态含量的水平变幅大于天目湖滨岸带.相关性分析表明,土壤NaOH-P对地下水中TDP的贡献较大,有机质、黏土矿物和碳酸盐对磷形态有明显的影响;苕溪滨岸带土壤性质对其磷形态的影响较弱,而天目湖滨岸带比较明显.因此,苕溪和天目湖流域不同滨岸带土壤磷形态的空间分布存在差异,影响因素也不同;土壤磷形态与地下水中TDP有明显关系,尤其是NaOH-P.      

Postfire Logging in Riparian Areas

Abstract:  We reviewed the behavior of wildfire in riparian zones, primarily in the western United States, and the potential ecological consequences of postfire logging. Fire behavior in riparian zones is complex, but many aquatic and riparian organisms exhibit a suite of adaptations that allow relatively rapid recovery after fire. Unless constrained by other factors, fish tend to rebound relatively quickly, usually within a decade after a wildfire. Additionally, fire and subsequent erosion events contribute wood and coarse sediment that can create and maintain productive aquatic habitats over time. The potential effects of postfire logging in riparian areas depend on the landscape context and disturbance history of a site; however, available evidence suggests two key management implications: (1) fire in riparian areas creates conditions that may not require intervention to sustain the long-term productivity of the aquatic network and (2) protection of burned riparian areas gives priority to what is left rather than what is removed. Research is needed to determine how postfire logging in riparian areas has affected the spread of invasive species and the vulnerability of upland forests to insect and disease outbreaks and how postfire logging will affect the frequency and behavior of future fires. The effectiveness of using postfire logging to restore desired riparian structure and function is therefore unproven, but such projects are gaining interest with the departure of forest conditions from those that existed prior to timber harvest, fire suppression, and climate change. In the absence of reliable information about the potential consequence of postfire timber harvest, we conclude that providing postfire riparian zones with the same environmental protections they received before they burned is justified ecologically. Without a commitment to monitor management experiments, the effects of postfire riparian logging will remain unknown and highly contentious.     

长期不同施肥下灰漠土有机磷组分的变化

土壤有机磷是土壤磷素的重要供应源,也是植物吸收磷素的重要来源。对灰漠土16年长期不同施肥条件下,土壤有机磷的四种形态(活性有机磷、中活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷)进行了测定。结果表明,不施磷肥处理(CK、N)土壤有机磷组分有下降趋势,施磷肥处理(NP、NPK和NPKM)可以提高有机磷各组分的含量,但是只有氮磷钾配合有机肥施用效果显著,有机磷总量和中活性有机磷提高了60%左右。不同施磷下灰漠土有机磷组分均以中活性有机磷为主,其占有机磷的比例为80%～90%;四种有机磷含量次序为中活性有机磷>中稳性有机磷>活性有机磷>高稳性有机磷。土壤有机磷组分中,活性和中活性有机磷含量与速效磷的相关性达极显著水平(相关系数分别为0.9403**,0.9894**;n=5),说明土壤活性有机磷和中活性有机磷有效性相对较高,是植物有效磷的主要形态。     

宁夏荒漠草原恢复演替过程中物种多样性与生产力的变化

荒漠草原一直是生态学者关注的焦点。文章以宁夏灵武的荒漠草原区为研究对象,对围栏条件下退化群落的物种多样性、生产力和群落演替及其生态机制进行探讨,为荒漠草原的植被恢复和重建提供理论基础。结果表明:群落生产力除受物种多样性的影响外,也受物种本身特征和环境资源的影响。在荒漠草原中功能群盖度与群落初级生产力无显著的相关关系。荒漠植物群落物种多样性指数在时间尺度上的变化表现为随着围栏时间的延续逐渐增加,而生态优势度变化趋势则相反。在不同年份年降水量直接影响植物群落物种数的多少、丰富度和生产力。