Adaptation potential of ecosystem-based management to climate change in the eastern Canadian boreal forest

Ecosystem-based management (EBM) of forests is gaining acceptance for its focus on the maintenance of the long-term integrity of ecosystem processes, but climate change challenges this view because of its impacts on these very processes. We have therefore evaluated the robustness of EBM to projected climate change, considering the role of climate on forest growth and fire regime in a boreal forest of eastern Canada. A climate sensitive growth index model was calibrated for three commercial species and used to project the evolution of merchantable volume for two climate scenarios (B1 and A2) under conventional and EBM strategies. Current burn rate and burn rates under future climate scenarios were also considered. Under the most extreme projected climate scenario, the periodic timber supply could be reduced by up to 79% through direct (growth reduction) and indirect (fire) effects. However, ecological indicators show that EBM is a more robust forest management strategy than conventional one demonstrating its adaptation potential to climate change at least in the short term.     

Prediction of Total Sediment Load in Sand‐Bed Rivers in Korea Using Lateral Distribution Method

A new method for numerically predicting the total sediment load in a river is proposed. The method can be used to predict the total sediment load with information on channel geometry and slope, flow, and bed materials. The conventional method uses a 1D approach that assumes the channel has a wide rectangular shape. However, the proposed method computes depth‐averaged velocity over the width and predicts the total sediment load based on the flow computations. The new method, therefore, is expected to predict better if the flow changes significantly in the lateral direction. The proposed method was applied to three large sand‐bed rivers in Korea, where information is available regarding suspended sediment. Five formulas were tested of use in making total sediment load computations, namely Engelund‐Hansen's, Ackers‐White's, Yang's, Brownlie's, and Karim's formulas. The predicted total sediment loads are compared not only with measured data but also with results calculated using the 1D approach. Discrepancy ratios between the predicted and measured total sediment loads are given and the results are discussed.     

Classification of Ephemeral,Intermittent, and Perennial Stream Reaches Using a TOPMODEL‐Based Approach

Whether a waterway is temporary or permanent influences regulatory protection guidelines, however, classification can be subjective due to a combination of factors, including time of year, antecedent moisture conditions, and previous experience of the field investigator. Our objective was to develop a standardized protocol using publically available spatial information to classify ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial streams. Our hypothesis was that field observations of flow along the stream channel could be compared to results from a hydrologic model, providing an objective method of how these stream reaches can be identified. Flow‐state sensors were placed at ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial stream reaches from May to December 2011 in the Appalachian coal basin of eastern Kentucky. This observed flow record was then used to calibrate the simulated saturation deficit in each channel reach based on the topographic wetness index used by TOPMODEL. Saturation deficit values were categorized as flow or no‐flow days, and the simulated record of streamflow was compared to the observed record. The hydrologic model was more accurate for simulating flow during the spring and fall seasons. However, the model effectively identified stream reaches as intermittent and perennial in each of the two basins.     

近20a三峡库区农林地利用变化图谱特征分析

土地利用变化图谱单元能够把表示"空间单元特征的图"与表示"时间发展之起点与过程的谱"合为一体,并建立起空间—属性—过程一体化数据信息。论文以TM/ETM影像为空间数据源,构建三峡库区1990—2000年和2000—2010年两个阶段农林地利用变化信息图谱,以及融合1990、2000、2010年这三个时期土地利用现状的变化模式图谱,以探讨库区近20 a来的农林用地变化轨迹和特征规律。结果表明:1 1990—2000年阶段的农林地利用变化图谱主要以农林地间及其和草地互换、建设用地占用农林地的图谱单元类型为主。空间差异上最为显著的是"耕地→建设用地(编码15)"、"草地→林地(编码32)"和"林地→草地(编码23)",空间分离度较低。2 2000—2010年阶段的农林地利用变化图谱单元分离度增大,农林地利用发生转换空间进一步扩张。最显著变化的是"耕地→林地(编码12)"和"耕地→建设用地(编码15)"图谱单元类型,其次是农林地转换为水域图谱类型(编码14和24)的面积增大。3库区农林地利用变化模式以前期变化型和后期变化型为主,反复变化型和持续变化型发生概率较小,库区农林地利用的转换具有明显的时间阶段性特征。     

大伙房水库入库河流物理生境评价及其对水质状况的影响

2012年8—9月对大伙房水库入库河流39个河段的物理生境特征和水质状况进行调查,并运用相关分析和冗余分析的方法识别物理生境特征与水质状况的响应关系.研究结果表明,大伙房水库入库河流物理生境质量等级为较好以上的河段占43.6%,一般河段占48.7%,较差河段占5.1%,物理生境质量好的河段主要位于浑河上游地区,质量较差的河段主要位于大伙房水库周边地区.大伙房水库入库河流总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总氮(TN)多符合国家Ⅱ类地表水环境标准,五日生化需氧量(BOD5)和化学耗氧量(CODCr)较高,部分点位超过了国家Ⅲ类地表水环境标准.大伙房水库入库河流物理生境特征与水质状况显著相关,物理生境综合评价指数与水体中TP、NH+4-N、溶解性固体总量(TDS)、电导率和硅酸盐呈显著负相关.物理生境指标中人类活动、土地利用方式、植被多样性和栖境复杂性对水质影响较大,在流域水生态管理中应以减少人为活动干扰、合理配置土地类型、控制农业面源污染和恢复自然植被为主要对策.     

岩溶地下河表层沉积物多环芳烃的污染及生态风险研究

为了解重庆南山老龙洞岩溶地下河表层沉积物中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的污染特征及生态风险,分析了地下河上游及出口表层沉积物样品中16种优先控制PAHs的含量和组成.结果表明,沉积物中PAHs总量在58.2~3 598 ng·g-1之间,大部分在100~5 000 ng·g-1之间,处于中等到高污染水平;从组成来看,老龙洞组成以2~4环为主,占到75.1%,仙女洞以4~6环相对富集,其比例为56.6%;老龙洞沉积物中PAHs主要来源于上游水体传输及地表土壤的输入,PAHs在地下河管道中的迁移表现为2~3环PAHs迁移距离远,4~6环的PAHs被强烈地吸附于沉积物中,迁移能力不足,从而富集于地下河管道中;生态风险评价结果表明,老龙洞沉积物PAHs很少产生负面生态效应,而仙女洞沉积物产生负面生态效应概率较大,一旦PAHs逐渐往下游迁移,将对下游的生态构成威胁.     

降雨期间岩溶地下河溶解态多环芳烃变化特征及来源解析

2014年6月降雨期间在重庆南山老龙洞地下河出口处进行连续采样监测,利用GC-MS定量分析地下河溶解态中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,研究了降雨期间地下河溶解态PAHs变化特征及来源.结果表明,地下河溶解态PAHs对降雨反应迅速,ΣPAHs出现4个峰值,有2个出现在流量上升阶段,另外两个分别出现在流量最大值处和流量下降阶段.ΣPAHs范围为101~3 624 ng·L-1,平均值578 ng·L-1,7种致癌性PAHs变化较大,含量变化为ND~336 ng·L-1,平均值31.1 ng·L-1,PAHs的组成以低环(2、3环)为主,占水体ΣPAHs的86.17%;降雨对ΣPAHs影响较大,主要表现为雨水对大气污染物的清除及地表径流对地表污染物的冲刷.降雨期间水体中PAHs主要来源于石油类产品、煤炭等化石燃料的不完全燃烧、天然成岩过程,降雨期间老龙洞地下河水体中PAHs污染大部分为中等到重污染水平.     

青藏高原内陆典型冰川区"冰川-径流"汞传输过程

为研究青藏高原内陆典型冰川区"冰川-径流"汞输送过程,于2011年8月15日~9月9日对青藏高原内陆念青唐古拉山脉扎当冰川-曲嘎切流域内雪坑、冰川融水以及径流进行了采样,检测了不同环境介质中汞浓度,并分析了不同介质中汞的控制因素及输送过程.结果表明,扎当冰川-曲嘎切流域内雪坑、冰川融水以及曲嘎切径流中总汞浓度分别为(3.79±5.12)、(1.06±0.77)和(1.02±0.24)ng·L-1,处于全球背景水平.不同环境介质中均以颗粒态汞为主,受到总悬浮颗粒物和径流量的控制.随着气温升高,冰川消融,受其补给的河流径流量增加.不同环境介质间,从冰川末端融水到曲嘎切下游河水,总汞浓度峰值时间分别是14:00、16:00和20:00以后,体现了汞在"冰川-径流"环境系统中随冰川消融、径流量变化的释放和传输过程.冰川补给河流汞的传输受多种因素制约,气候变化背景下,冰川消融和径流增加带来的侵蚀将在汞释放及其向下游传输发挥日益重要的作用.     

Identifying and quantifying nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from agriculture and livestock waste in the Penios River Basin District

The nitrogen and phosphorus loadings coming from diffuse, non-point pollution sources related to agriculture and animal husbandry in the Penios river basin in the region of Thessaly, Greece, were estimated. Detailed data on types of crops and field area as well as types and numbers of animals bred in the municipal districts included in the Penios River Basin District were collected from agricultural cooperatives and rural agencies in Thessaly. Related nitrogen and phosphorus loadings were calculated and all data were mapped in a geographic information system (GIS) environment to show how diffuse pollution is spatially distributed in the Penios basin and to identify areas with the highest anthropogenic pressures. This type of data is useful to a driving forces–pressures–state–impacts–responses (DPSIR) analysis – a tool suitable for the analysis of environmental decisions in the direction of sustainable development.     

河道黑臭污染简易评价方法研究

河道黑臭主因是底泥和水体在缺氧乃至厌氧条件下,污染物转化并产生氨氮、硫化氢、挥发性有机酸等恶臭物质以及铁、锰硫化物等黑色物质.目前,河道黑臭评价主要采用多因子黑臭指数法(NH3-N、COD、DO等),但NH3-N、COD难以在现场快速测定,也无法定量袁征底泥黑臭程度.本文选取能够现场快速监测的氧化还原电位ORP作为独立黑臭评价指标,分析论证了ORP与部分黑臭因子DO、S∞、PH、SO4=的相关性,结果表明,ORP与pH、SO42-、DO、S2-相关性较好,可以单独作为水体和底泥黑臭现场监测评价指标,用于入河污水、河道水体与河道底泥黑臭度的现场快速监测和定量评价.