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841.
稻田土壤反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌的时空分布与群落结构分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
由"Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera"主导发生的以甲烷和亚硝酸盐为底物的反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化反应(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing,n-damo)的发现,将生物地球化学碳循环和氮循环以新的方式结合起来.本研究以夏季和冬季江阴稻田土壤柱状样品为研究对象,对稻田土壤M.oxyfera-like菌的时空分布和群落结构进行了考察.M.oxyfera-like菌16S rRNA基因的定量PCR结果显示M.oxyfera-like菌的丰度随着土壤深度的增加而增加,且无明显季节性差异,60~200 cm深度的稻田土壤是M.oxyfera-like菌的高丰度区域.M.oxyfera-like菌pmo A基因的系统发育分析和生物多样性分析显示M.oxyfera-like菌的群落结构具有一定的时空异质性,且生物多样性随着土壤深度的增加而增加.这些结果都说明江阴稻田深层土壤(60~200 cm)是适宜M.oxyfera-like菌生存的生态环境. 相似文献
842.
基于BP神经网络优化制备Cu-Ce/TiO_2及其光催化活性研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
采用Cu和Ce对TiO2进行改性,基于正交实验设计和BP神经网络研究了Cu-Ce/TiO2中Cu-Ce对TiO2的摩尔百分数、Cu-Ce/TiO2中CuCe摩尔比及Cu-Ce/TiO2烧结温度对Cu-Ce/TiO2光催化降解甲醛溶液性能的影响.同时,对Cu-Ce/TiO2制备方案进行了优化,并运用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和紫外-可见分光光度计对最佳条件下制备的Cu-Ce/TiO2进行表征.结果表明,优化的制备条件为Cu-Ce/TiO2中Cu-Ce对TiO2的摩尔百分数为2.88%,Cu-Ce/TiO2中Cu-Ce的摩尔比为1∶1,Cu-Ce/TiO2的烧结温度为570℃.共掺杂Cu离子和Ce离子能有效避免掺杂TiO2晶格内部表层和近表层产生较多的位错,从而抑制晶格畸变增大;诱导TiO2中锐钛矿型晶体向金红石型晶体转变的能力增强,有效抑制电子-空穴对的复合,产生介电局域效应. 相似文献
843.
844.
845.
简述了龙山县生态公益林建设与管理的现状,剖析了新时期发挥生态公益林的生态、社会效益与提高林农收入矛盾,分析了龙山县生态公益林建设与管理中存在的问题,提出了龙山县实现生态公益林生态、社会效益与提高林农收入的措施.参4. 相似文献
846.
Response of Fish and Macroinvertebrate Bioassessment Indices to Water Chemistry in a Mined Appalachian Watershed 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Multimetric indices based on fish and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages are commonly used to assess the biological integrity
of aquatic ecosystems. However, their response to specific stressors is rarely known. We quantified the response of a fish-based
index (Mid-Atlantic Highlands Index of Biotic Integrity, MAH-IBI) and a benthic invertebrate-based index (West Virginia Stream
Condition Index, WV-SCI) to acid mine drainage (AMD)-related stressors in 46 stream sites within the Cheat River watershed,
West Virginia. We also identified specific stressor concentrations at which biological impairment was always or never observed.
Water chemistry was extremely variable among tributaries of the Cheat River, and the WV-SCI was highly responsive across a
range of AMD stressor levels. Furthermore, impairment to macroinvertebrate communities was observed at relatively low stressor
concentrations, especially when compared to state water quality standards. In contrast to the WV-SCI, we found that the MAH-IBI
was significantly less responsive to local water quality conditions. Low fish diversity was observed in several streams that
possessed relatively good water quality. This pattern was especially pronounced in highly degraded subwatersheds, suggesting
that regional conditions may have a strong influence on fish assemblages in this system. Our results indicate that biomonitoring
programs in mined watersheds should include both benthic invertebrates, which are consistent indicators of local conditions,
and fishes, which may be indicators of regional conditions. In addition, remediation programs must address the full suite
of chemical constituents in AMD and focus on improving linkages among streams within drainage networks to ensure recovery
of invertebrate and fish assemblages. Future research should identify the precise chemical conditions necessary to maintain
biological integrity in mined Appalachian watersheds. 相似文献
847.
Cost-efficient sample designs for collection of ground data and accurate mapping of variables are required to monitor natural
resources and environmental and ecological systems. In this study, a sample design and mapping method was developed by integrating
stratification, model updating, and cokriging with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. This method is based on the spatial
autocorrelation of variables and the spatial cross-correlation among them. It can lead to sample designs with variable grid
spacing, where sampling distances between plots vary depending on spatial variability of the variables from location to location.
This has potential cost-efficiencies in terms of sample design and mapping. This method is also applicable for mapping in
the case in which no ground data can be collected in some parts of a study area because of the high cost. The method was validated
in a case study in which a ground and vegetation cover factor was sampled and mapped for monitoring soil erosion. The results
showed that when the sample obtained with three strata using the developed method was used for sampling and mapping the cover
factor, the sampling cost was greatly decreased, although the error of the map was slightly increased compared to that without
stratification; that is, the sample cost-efficiency quantified by the product of cost and error was greatly increased. The
increase of cost-efficiency was more obvious when the cover factor values of the plots within the no-significant-change stratum
were updated by a model developed using the previous observations instead of remeasuring them in the field. 相似文献
848.
Current political conditions, primarily budgetary uncertainty, and the related reluctance to make funding commitments for
future generations, have raised questions about the costs of conservation and environmental protection that have not previously
been asked. As Federal investments are scrutinized and budgets become ever more constrained, the costs associated with environmental
requirements could begin to be of greater importance and to influence decisions on Federal projects. In response to concerns
about the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) spending under the Endangered Species Act (P.L. 93-205) (ESA), a limited investigation
was performed to determine the accuracy of reported Corps expenditures. The investigation showed that, for particular groups
of species, actual conservation costs for threatened and endangered species may be twice the amounts previously reported in
the annual ESA expenditure reporting to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In light of this finding, the Corps has sought
a means to provide more accurate and consistent reporting of expenditures for addressing threatened and endangered species.
A Species Costs Template (template) has been developed to identify the types and magnitude of costs related to the ESA and
to counteract the impediments (legal, institutional, and practical) to underreporting costs. The template will be used by
the Corps for reporting ESA costs beginning with Fiscal Year 2005 (FY05) (reported in January 2006). Five broad categories
of expenditures (effects determination costs, ESA protection and conservation costs, equipment costs, opportunity costs, and
other species costs) are identified by the template. 相似文献
849.
氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)介导的生物矿化方法可促使酸性矿山废水(Acid Mine Drainage,AMD)中Fe离子向次生铁矿物转变. 采用固定化的方式来提高A.ferrooxidans密度有助于强化Fe2+的生物矿化能力.选取流化床19孔填料、弹性填料、悬浮球填料作为挂膜对象, 通过多批次的连续培养来考察3种填料的A.ferrooxidans挂膜能力及稳定挂膜所需周期,继而比较3种挂膜填料对模拟AMD中Fe2+的生物矿化能力,并估算A.ferrooxidans有效生物量.结果表明,3种填料(5.00 g)的A.ferrooxidans挂膜能力依次为弹性填料(1.76 g)>流化床19孔填料(0.90 g)>悬浮球填料(0.78 g)(干重),且挂膜启动至稳定状态至少需要4批次.X射线衍射分析(X-ray diffraction,XRD)表明,3种填料表面 含矿生物膜均为施氏矿物和黄钾铁矾的混合物.以游离态A.ferrooxidans的Fe2+氧化速率作为参比,估算出流化床19孔填料、弹性填料、悬浮球填料生物膜中A.ferrooxidans有效生物量依次为1.67×108、8.52×108、1.92×108 cells·g-1 (干基).研究还发现,等同Fe2+生物氧化速率下, A.ferrooxidans挂膜填料比游离态A.ferrooxidans具有更强的AMD矿化驱动能力. 相似文献
850.
为明确兜兰属(Paphiopedilum)宽瓣亚属(Subgenus.Brachypetalum)植物各物种在我国的生存现状与濒危状况,在大量的野外调查和文献、标本数据收集的基础上,对其种群分布、数量、生境特征、市场贸易、受威胁因素、保护现状与保护成效进行统计分析,并依据《IUCN红色名录等级和标准(3.1版)》对该类群的濒危等级进行重新评估.结果表明,野外调查到硬叶兜兰(Paphiopedilum.micranthum)、麻栗坡兜兰(P.malipoense)、杏黄兜兰(P.armeniacum)、白花兜兰(P.emersonii)、巨瓣兜兰(P.bellatulum)、文山兜兰(P.wenshanense)、同色兜兰(P.concolor)7个目标物种,已知分布于我国50个县(市、区),共计194个自然分布点.宽瓣亚属植物在我国水平方向上主要分布于滇东南、黔西南、黔东北、滇西北、桂北与黔南交界处以及桂西北至桂西南等地区;垂直方向上集中分布于中高海拔段(780~1267m),平均海拔997m;在全国大尺度上,该亚属整体呈零散分布,区域小尺度上个体呈聚集生长;其小生境具有高海拔、透水、透气、喜阴、喜钙的特点.市场调查的贸易率为36.67%,贸易价格高低不等,具有较强的随机性;贸易来源主要为野外采挖,占贸易数量的88.32%,具有较强的地域性;贸易方式为现场和线上网络交易,具有较强的灵活性.该类群主要受到采挖和生境退化的威胁,分别占所有分布点的44.85%、29.83%.宽瓣亚属整体就地保率仅为34.53%,保护成效为一般保护;调查的29个保育地中,有20个保育地对该类群累计保育98次,除文山兜兰和绿叶兜兰外,其他7种迁地保护成效被评估为合适.巨瓣兜兰、文山兜兰由原来的濒危(EN)评估为极危(CR);麻栗坡兜兰、白花兜兰、杏黄兜兰评估等级未发生变化,仍为极危(CR);硬叶兜兰和同色兜兰由原来的易危(VU)评估为濒危(EN);德氏兜兰、绿叶兜兰被评为数据缺乏(DD). 相似文献