Responses of soil ammonia oxidizers to a short-term severe mercury stress

The responses of soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) to mercury(Hg) stress were investigated through a short-term incubation experiment.Treated with four different concentrations of Hg(CK,Hg25,Hg50,and Hg100,denoting 0,25,50,and 100 mg Hg/kg dry soil,respectively),samples were harvested after 3,7,and 28 day incubation.Results showed that the soil potential nitrification rate(PNR) was significantly inhibited by Hg stress during the incubation.However,lower abundances of AOA(the highest in CK: 9.20 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil; the lowest in Hg50: 2.68 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil) and AOB(the highest in CK: 2.68 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil; the lowest in Hg50:7.49 × 10~6 copies/g dry soil) were observed only at day 28 of incubation(P 0.05).Moreover,only the community structure of soil AOB obviously shifted under Hg stress as seen through DGGE profiles,which revealed that 2–3 distinct AOB bands emerged in the Hg treatments at day 28.In summary,soil PNR might be a very useful parameter to assess acute Hg stress on soil ecosystems,and the community structure of soil AOB might be a realistic biological indicator for the assessment of heavy metal stress on soil ecosystems in the future.     

Effect of aeration rate on composting of penicillin mycelial dreg

Pilot scale experiments with forced aeration were conducted to estimate effects of aeration rates on the performance of composting penicillin mycelial dreg using sewage sludge as inoculation. Three aeration rates of 0.15, 0.50 and 0.90 L/(min·kg) organic matter(OM) were examined. The principal physicochemical parameters were monitored during the 32 day composting period. Results showed that the higher aeration rate of 0.90 L/(min·kg) did not corresponded to a longer thermophilic duration and higher rates of OM degradation;but the lower aeration rate of 0.15 L/(min·kg) did induce an accumulation of NH+4-N contents due to the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, aeration rate has little effect on degradation of penicillin. The results show that the longest phase of thermophilic temperatures ≥ 55°C, the maximum NO-3-N content and seed germination, and the minimum C/N ratio were obtained with 0.50 L/(min·kg) OM. Therefore, aeration rates of0.50 L/(min·kg) OM can be recommended for composting penicillin mycelial dreg.     

多级A／O膜生物反应器污泥活性研究

采用一种新型的多级A／O膜生物反应器处理污水,对该工艺的污泥活性进行了研究。结果表明,VSS／SS在实验过程中呈较弱的下降趋势,多级A／O池曝气室污泥比硝化速率逐室下降,但各缺氧室污泥比反硝化速率基本一致;污泥释磷、聚磷过程在30 min和1 h内基本完成,反硝化聚磷试验表明污泥中存在DPB的富集,反硝化作用是反硝化细菌与DPB共同作用的结果。     

模拟条件下菹草生长对水质的影响试验研究

为研究菹草生长对水质的影响,在模拟环境下实验桶内培植处于生长期的菹草并进行跟踪监测,结果表明：在菹草生长试验期内,随着菹草生长的逐渐旺盛,水体的pH值明显上升但后期趋于稳定并有所下降;DO在第10天达到最大值,但水体中DO含量在试验后期随菹草生长趋于成熟呈下降趋势;试验前期菹草对总氮（ TN）的去除效果随着时间的延长而不断增强,试验结束时去除率达到74.03％和73.47％;试验中菹草组对总磷（ TP）的去除率在第30天时为69.57％和73.33％。菹草生长能有效降低水中N和P含量,且两者明显低于对照组。     

Effects of environmental temperature on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries during charging process

Lithium-ion batteries with relatively narrow operating temperature range have provoked concerns regarding the safety of LIBs. In this work, a series of experiments were conducted to explore the thermal runaway (TR) behaviors of charging batteries in a high/low temperature test chamber. The effects of charging rates (0.5 C, 1 C, 2 C, and 3 C), and ambient temperature (2 °C, 32 °C and 56 °C) are comprehensively investigated.The results indicate that the cell exhibited greater thermal hazard at the high charging rate and ambient temperature conditions. As the charging rate increased from 0.5 C to 3 C, more lithium intercalated in the anode prompt the TR triggered in advance, the TR onset temperature decreased from 297.5 °C to 264.7 °C. In addition, the charging time decreased with the elevated ambient temperature, resulting in a relatively higher TR onset temperature and lower maximum temperature, and the average TR critical time declined by 115–143 s. Finally, the TR required less heat accumulation with increasing of charging rate and ambient temperature, and the heat generation of side reaction played a substantial role that accounted for approximately 54%∼63%. These results provide an insight into the charging cell thermal runaway behaviors in complex operation environments and deliver valuable guidance for improving the safety of cell operation.     

铁盐浸渍强化污泥活性炭-甲醇热质传递特性

针对以市政污泥为核心的炭素前驱体开展原位铁盐浸渍磁修饰,通过响应曲面试验设计优化并制备了新型原位浸渍炭IM-WNC;以成品炭的后浸渍磁修饰炭PM-WNC为参比,考察了原位浸渍与后浸渍磁修饰过程对污泥活性炭-甲醇工质对的吸附/解吸速率、吸附等温线、吸附床传热性能、制冷量及制冷功率等方面的影响。结果表明:与后浸渍过程相比,原位铁盐浸渍有利于保持污泥炭总孔容积(0.6608cm³/g)及比表面积(1122m²/g)水平,能显著提升致密化污泥炭IM-WNC的导热系数(600kg/m³,4.586W/(m·K))、甲醇Sokoda&Suzuki平衡吸附量((528.74±15.86)mg/g)和Langmuir最大吸附量((673.99±13.52)mg/g)。升温脱附与冷却吸附循环体系内,IM-WNC致密化吸附床中心温度峰谷差值可达到69.07℃。当循环时间为76min,解吸温度为100℃时,IM-WNC吸附制冷床的制冷量和制冷功率分别达到501.43kJ/kg和799.06kJ/(kg·h),较PM-WNC分别提升了15.61%和18.69%。     

A novel approach to estimate and control denitrification performance in activated sludge systems with respirogram technology

Respirogram technology has been widely applied for aerobic process, however, the response of respirogram to anoxic denitrification is still unclear. To reveal such response may help to design a new method for the evaluation of the performance of denitrification. The size distribution of flocs measured at different denitrification moments demonstrated a clear expansion of flocs triggered by denitrification, during which higher specific endogenous and quasi-endogenous respiration rates (SOUR_e and SOUR_q) were also observed. Furthermore, SOUR_q increases exponentially with the specific denitrification rate (SDNR), suggesting that there should be a maximum SDNR in conventional activated sludge systems. Based on these findings, an index R_q/t, defined as the ratio of quasi-endogenous (OUR_q) to maximum respiration rate (OUR_t), is proposed to estimate the denitrification capacity that higher R_q/t indicates higher denitrification potential, which can be readily obtained without complex measurement or analysis, and it offers a novel and promising respirogram-based approach for denitrification estimation and control by taking measures to extend anoxic time to maintain its value at a high level within a certain range.     

火工品温湿度加速老化模型和算法研究

目的 研究对火工品适用的温湿度加速模型,以及加速系数计算程序,获取准确的温湿度加速系数外推公式.方法 通过分析国内外使用的各种双因素加速模型的适用性,确定火工品适用的温湿度加速模型,采用免费自由的开源统计分析软件——R软件,对通过加速试验获取的某点火头2种温湿度加速条件下的试验数据,进行单组数据拟合和多组数据拟合两种温湿度加速老化算法的开发,并且对2种算法、3种寿命分布下寿命外推的准确性进行对比分析.结果 确定了Peck模型适合用于火工品的温湿度加速模型,获取了某电点火头对应的温湿度加速系数和湿度项反应速率常数.结论 基于多组数据拟合的温湿度加速老化算法,比基于单组数据拟合的温湿度加速老化算法对试验数据的兼容性好.3种寿命分布中,Weibull分布的加速系数计算结果最保守.     

The Rate of Soil Cover Recovery in Anthropogenically Disturbed Areas: An Example of Western Siberian Archaeological Landmarks

The soils formed on fortifications around the sites of ancient settlements 1500 and 2700 years old were studied in the Endyr archaeological landmarks (West Siberia, central taiga). It was shown that podzolic soils with morphological characteristics identical to those of the background soils were formed during these time periods. An attempt was made to estimate the characteristic times for some chemical characters. The greatest values of this parameter were about 8000 years.     

不同溶解氧条件下沉积物-水体系磷循环

磷是控制富营养化水平和水环境演变的关键元素.沉积物-间隙水体系是影响近海水体磷循环的主要界面,而上覆水溶解氧（DO）则是影响这一界面磷转化行为和界面通量的控制因子.针对近海环境特征,利用沉积物多管培养装置进行室内实验和动力学过程研究,探讨了DO变化对沉积物-间隙水体系磷的赋存形态、转化和释放的影响.结果表明,上覆水DO变化对沉积物-水界面溶解态活性磷酸盐（DRP）交换通量有显著的影响,低氧条件下沉积物具有较富氧和无氧更高的DRP交换通量;富氧条件下沉积物中总磷在表层富集量最高,具有较高的保存能力,低氧和无氧状态下沉积物对磷的保存能力降低;低氧条件下沉积物中铁结合磷的还原溶解和有机质的矿化是水体的主要磷源.在不同DO条件下,磷的转换呈现出差异化的特征,其中低氧状态下沉积物-水界面的变化和理想的早期成岩模式最为接近.可见,溶解氧对沉积物-间隙水体系磷的释放和转化有着显著的影响,是控制磷循环的重要因素.