耐铅微生物的筛选及其吸附能力的初步研究

通过向土壤中添加一定量的铅来驯化土壤微生物,然后利用一系列不同铅浓度的PDA培养基分离耐铅微生物,结果获得一株耐300mg／L铅的细菌Pb—R-1和二株分别耐750mtg／L和900mg／L铅的真菌Pb—R-2和Pb—R-3,通过鉴定得知,Pb—R-2菌株为曲霉,Pb—R-3菌株为青霉;不同成分培养基（有铅或无铅）传代培养实验表明,3个菌株有稳定的耐铅遗传性;通过液体悬浮培养获得：Pb—R-1、Pb—R-2和Pb—R-3对Pb^2＋的吸附率依次为35．5％、75．5％和48．2％。采用3个菌株浸种试验表明,小麦的发芽率几乎不受影响,其它的受影响差别较大。因此,用Pb—R-2吸附小麦土壤中的铅,具有潜在的应用价值。     

Zeolite powder addition to improve the performance of submerged gravitation-filtration membrane bioreactor

In this study, the effect of zeolite powder addition on submerged membrane bioreactor （SMBR） on membrane permeability, and the removals for COD, NH3-N, TN were investigated. Through the parallel operation of control and test systems, it was found that the zeolite powder addition could alleviate the ultra-filtration membrane fouling and enhance the membrane permeability. On the basis of experimental investigations, a concept of ＂protection coating layer＂ was proposed to illustrate the phenomenon of UF membrane fouling. In addition, the removal for COD in test system was more stable, a little higher compared to the control system. Due to the combination of nitrification and ion exchange, a more excellent removal for NH3-N in test system was obtained regardless of influent NH3-N loading rate. It was also found that a mean 25% higher TN removal took place in the test system, and ion exchange and simultaneous nitrification and de-nitrification were analyzed to be main factors. During the stable operation period, the SOURs of test zeolite powder added sludge and control activated sludge were measured to be 75 mgO2/（gMLVSS, h） and 24 mgO2/（gMLVSS, h） respectively, it meant that the zeolite powder addition could enhance the microorganism activity significantly.     

Biodegradation of 2,6-ditert-butylphenol by immobilized microorganism strains

2,6-Ditert-butylphenol （2,6-DTBP） is a major organic contaminant presenting in acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewaters. This compound is of high bio-resistance due to its complex structure which consists of one phenol group and two highly branched tert-butyl groups. This research attempted to improve the biodegradation efficiency of 2,6-DTBP through various strain immobilization methods. The stratified immobilization can settle oxygen transmission in the single microorganism immobilization, and can realize two-process reaction in the single device by choosing two symbiotic microorganisms. Two effective strains, named F-1-4 and F-3-4, which were screened out in our previous work, were used to degrade 2,6-DTBP after being immobilized in calcium alginate gel. Results indicate that the substrate removal efficiency of various immobilization methods follows the order： stratified 〉 single F-3-4 〉 mixed ≈single F-1-4. The immobilized biodegradation capacity was higher than the free one. After an incubation time of 12 d, 91% of 2,6-DTBP could be degraded by the stratified immobilization method, compared to 79% achieved by the mixed immobilization method with an initial 2,6-DTBP concentration of 100 mg/L. The stratified immobilization satisfies the oxygen demand nature of the aerobic F-3-4 and the facultative F-1-4, thus yielding the highest degradation efficiency. Both the outer layer strain F-3-4 and the inner layer strain F-1-4 can grow actively on the substrate of 2,6-DTBP, as illustrated by SEM images. This study shows that the highly bio-refractory compound, 2,6-DTBP, can be effectively degraded using appropriately inunobilized microorganism strains.     

高浓度有机废水处理过程中单宁、木质素的降解机理

采用UASB 接触氧化工艺对亚麻沤制废水进行了试验研究 ,结果表明 :COD去除率可达 95 %～ 97% ,BOD5去除率为 96 %～ 99%。生物难降解的单宁、木素类物质去除率为 75 %～ 86 %。对单宁、木素类物质的生物化学特性和降解机理进行了系统的分析和阐述     

铁离子湿式氧化法脱除硫化氢技术进展

综述了铁离子湿式氧化脱除H2S技术的起源及其各种方法的原理和特点。H2S的脱除速度与副反应抑制、铁离子的稳定性和再生速度是各种技术应用与改进的关键因素。生化铁一碱溶液催化脱硫方法是气体脱硫值得发展的方向。     

生化处理技术在含油污水处理中的应用

文章阐述了油田含油污水生化处理技术概况、主要制约因素以及生物降解机理;论述了温度、pH值及溶解氧等主要因素对生化处理效果的影响,并给出了对应的最适宜运行参数;经过与传统重力沉降处理工艺比较,总结污水生化处理的技术特点及适用范围;另外介绍了吐哈油田分公司雁木西油田含油污水生化处理技术的工艺流程、主要构筑物及运行参数。运行结果表明,处理后的水质达到行业回注标准SY/T 5329-94《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》中的A2标准。     

堆肥制作中微生物侵染秸秆的环境扫描电镜(ESEM)观察

为了探索堆肥制作中木质纤维素类物质的生物降解过程,在堆肥进程中取不同分解阶段的秸秆样品,利用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)观察微生物的分布情况,并从机械作用的角度探讨了微生物在秸秆分解过程中的作用。结果表明,堆肥制作前新鲜秸秆表面未发现微生物分布,堆肥制作前期微生物开始附着在秸秆表面,随着堆肥进程,秸秆表面微生物密度有所增加,秸秆分解时产生的裂缝中发现也有微生物分布。堆肥制作中,参与秸秆分解的微生物以群落形式分布,从个体形态来看,这些微生物主要由球菌和丝状菌组成,但不同形态微生物个体大小差异较大。分析认为大型丝状菌通过秸秆分解产生的裂缝侵入秸秆内部时所产生的机械作用可促进秸秆的崩解。     

铬污染土壤的微生物修复

采用淋溶实验研究微生物对铬污染土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的修复,研究培养基成分、培养基添加量及淋溶液pH值对修复效果的影响.结果表明,培养基淋溶能完全修复铬污染土壤中水溶性Cr(Ⅵ),浸出液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度由初始的700.3mg·L-1降低至检出限以下.单独加入碳源作为培养基时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)不能得到完全修复,碳源与氮源结合作...     

3种氧化剂对焦化场地多环芳烃的修复效果与土著微生物的响应关系

为了探究化学氧化对污染土壤修复过程土著微生物生理生态功能的影响,以焦化场地多环芳烃（PAHs）污染土壤为实验对象,研究了高锰酸钾、过硫酸钠和臭氧这3种氧化剂在不同液固比条件下对PAHs的修复效果和土著微生物的响应关系.结果表明,该焦化场地土壤ΣPAHs含量为679.1 mg·kg^-1,高锰酸钾和过硫酸钠投加量为1%时,液固比为6：1条件下ΣPAHs（16种PAHs）的去除率最高,分别为96.9%和95.7%,而臭氧剂量为72 mg·min^-1、液固比为8：1时ΣPAHs的去除率（82.3%）最高;不同液固比条件下低环PAHs （3~4环）的去除率高于高环PAHs （5~6环）,去除率最高的是菲和二氢苊;而对于高环的苯并[a]芘,仅高锰酸钾对其去除效果较优,去除率达到97.4%;微生物数量分析表明,土壤微生物数量经高锰酸钾处理后骤降,由10⁸ copies·g^-1降至10⁵ copies·g^-1,而过硫酸钠和臭氧处理变化不明显,数量级未发生显著变化;微生物群落结构分析表明,污染原土中Proteobacteria占绝对优势,相对丰度为99.5%,高锰酸钾和过硫酸钠处理后微生物多样性显著增加,多种能够降解PAHs的微生物（如Ralstonia和Acinetobacter等）相对丰度大幅提高;微生物代谢功能路径分析表明,化学氧化处理增加了PAHs降解菌的相对丰度,提高了有机物代谢能力.总体而言,液固比为6：1时高锰酸钾处理会显著改变土著微生物数量,微生物群落结构和PAHs降解微生物相对丰度.     

玉米根际微生物氮磷转化的功能基因组学分析

化肥减量增效是保障农业生态环境安全的重要基础.微生物是调控土壤氮磷循环的关键驱动力,研究根际微生物氮磷转化功能可以为进一步提高土壤氮磷利用率提供微生物学调控途径.基于3种典型农田土壤（黑土、潮土和红壤）的田间微区试验,利用宏基因组测序技术研究玉米根际微生物在土壤氮磷转化过程中功能基因的差异及调控因子.结果表明,根际微生物功能多样性受土壤类型影响,黑土和潮土的根际微生物功能多样性主要受含水量和养分含量的影响,红壤受全磷（TP）和速效磷（AP）影响.在土壤氮转化方面,编码氮转化过程通路中相关酶的基因丰度以脲酶基因（ureC）和葡萄糖脱氢酶基因（gdh）丰度最高,分别为7.25×10^-5~12.88×10^-5和4.47×10^-5~7.49×10^-5.同化性硝酸盐还原的功能基因在红壤中总丰度要高于黑土和潮土,其它过程相关酶的功能基因总丰度以潮土最高.编码氮代谢过程相关酶的功能基因丰度主要受土壤细菌丰富度、全钾（TK）和TP含量的驱动.在土壤磷转化方面,催化有机磷矿化的碱性磷酸酶基因（phoD）数目为1093个,酸性磷酸酶基因（PHO）数目为42个.phoD丰度高出PHO丰度2个数量级,此外,同种土壤类型下施肥对phoD和PHO丰度没有显著影响.随机森林分析表明phoD和PHO丰度均受土壤水分、有机质（OM）和全氮（TN）显著影响,但AP含量对PHO丰度影响最大.从功能基因组水平研究了玉米根际微生物的氮磷转化特征,为利用微生物功能提高农田生态系统氮磷利用率提供了科学依据.