Emission inventory on company level: lessons from Russia

Developing a transparent,accurate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionsinventory is the first step toward buildingan effective GHG management system. Todate, GHG inventories have been conductedprimarily at national levels. Theinternationally accepted inventorymethodology developed by theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) is oriented to countrywideinventories. The electricity company RAOUESR is the largest single corporateemitter of GHG in the Russian Federation. The company is responsible for about 1/3 ofRussia's CO₂ emissions; RAO's fossil fuelemissions are comparable to the fossil fuelemissions of the United Kingdom. The GHGinventory prepared by RAO is the first suchcorporate emissions inventory undertaken ina non-OECD country. In this article wepresent a detailed independent examinationof the methodology RAO applied for theinventory. We identify the most importantsources of uncertainty and we estimate theuncertainty. The main conclusion of theindependent review is that the methodologyutilized by RAO and the informationsupporting the methodology are reliable andpresent a reasonably accurate company-widepicture of RAO's CO₂ emissions. The shareof other greenhouse gases is negligiblysmall and we did not focus on this fractionof RAO's GHG emissions. As a next step, RAOmay wish to conduct more precisefacility-by-facility inventories in orderto create a robust GHG emission managementsystem.     

The Nutrient Status of Some Graminaceous Species in Britain. 1. Molinia Caerulea (L.) Moench

Above-ground biomass biomass of Molinia caerulea from 36 sites throughout Britain was analysed for concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Na), with matching analyses of soil nutrients, together with pH and LOI. Between-year and seasonal variation in the nutrients was also studied at one of the sites. the grass was found on acid sites ranging between pH 3.1 and 5.8. the soil humus content varied widely, and there were significant correlations between that and elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na) in the soil. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, zinc and manganese in the plant material were significantly correlated with extractable levels in the soils. Between year variation in the plant nutrient concentrations at one site was of a similar order to variation between the sites. Generally there was less variation in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium tissue levels than in calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper. Iron and sodium were the most variable. Tissue concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and copper declined throughout the growing season, whereas magnesium, calcium and iron built up until August/September after which a decline set in as the leaves senesced. the results are discussed in relation to the importance of standardizing the time of sampling, in comparison with concentrations of tissue levels in other plants and the growth strategy of this deciduous grass.     

基于GIS的珠三角区域空气质量时空特征研究

以广东省环境信息GIS综合发布平台发布的2005年至2010年间粤港珠三角区域空气质量日报中空气质量等级数据为基础,利用GIS技术,首次采用网格化分析、均值分析、标准差分析、专题图渲染等分析方法,针对空间网格的空气质量年度均值、标准差等指标,对近5年来珠三角区域空气质量在横向上从珠三角空间区域范围,纵向上5年时间尺度内时空特征进行深入的研究,解决了在大地理区域、5年时间尺度空气质量分等定级过程中的区域边界划分问题。结果表明：珠三角的RAQI区域均值从2006年的2.3下降到2010年的2.02,空气质量整体上逐年改善;区域污染高值中心由东莞西部逐步向佛山中部转移;珠三角的肇庆南部、佛山中部、中山北部以及广州的南沙等区域空气质量变化幅度较大;惠州、深圳、香港等地区的空气质量较好,也较为稳定。     

武汉城市圈产业经济的系统性分析

摘 要： 构建产业经济的系统性评价指标体系，通过偏离份额方程、产业动态度和偏离度指标对产业结构性和产业演进性这两个维度进行核算，定量揭示武汉城市圈的产业经济发育特征：近20年来，武汉城市圈整体产业结构波动明显，不同城市不同产业在各时段的效益差异明显，呈现一定的圈层结构分异，中心城市武汉增长速度最快，圈域经济发展处于一定的“一极集聚”态势，武汉—鄂州—黄石—孝感城市群产业升级明显，经济发展较快，其余5个城市发展较慢，导致城际产业链群发育不完全，区间产业经济联系较弱；产业结构演进总体上呈现倒“U”型曲线变化规律，中心城市产业结构变动程度差异明显，明显形成3种产业结构演进类型：低偏离度—高结构效益型、中偏离度—中结构效益型、高偏离度—高结构效益型；核心城市武汉的产业结构不断向成熟方向演进，但其它中心城市产业结构仍有待进一步升级优化.     

基于O3/UV法的消解终止自动确定方法

为了提高基于臭氧协同紫外（O₃/UV）法的COD在线监测装置的检测效率和检测精度,分析了不同水样在消解过程中二氧化碳气体生成浓度的变化率与有机物消解率之间的关系,提出了一种消解终止自动确定的检测方法.通过采集消解过程中各传感器的数据,基于使用滑动标准偏差法计算二氧化碳气体浓度变化率的标准差自动确定消解终止时间.对不同种类、不同浓度的有机物进行消解实验,发现在二氧化碳实时浓度的标准差小于0.003时,有机物基本消解完全,可认为达到反应终点.该方法不仅可用于COD的在线监测提高检测效率和检测精度,也对基于臭氧协同紫外（O₃/UV）法的废水处理具有指导意义.     

基于环境参数监测评估的丙烯腈装置安全预警技术研究

以丙烯腈生产装置为研究对象,调查分析其存在的主要危险因素以及工艺特性,依据偏差分析原理建立了丙烯腈装置的异常处置原则与标准,设计了具有环境质量浓度监测评估和过程参数偏差预警分析的双重监控预警平台。该平台通过建立的OPC通讯技术,实时获得现场环境质量浓度及关键参数的信息,进行泄漏扩散事故的早期预警和早期干预处置,并通过对监测数据的综合动态分析预测危险气体环境质量浓度的变化趋势以及可能对周边带来的危害。     

浅析归因引起的安全感偏差

安全与安全感是两个不同的概念,安全是客观存在的状态,安全感是行为主体认为所处的状态是安全的.安全感在工作与日常生活中对个体行为的安全性发挥着重要作用,而个体的归因行为对安全感的判断产生巨大影响.应用归因理论,通过分析生产与日常生活中的典型案例,说明归因行为引起的安全感判断偏差所带来的危害,以从一个新的角度引起人们的重视;最后根据分析结果针对性地提出建议措施.总之,在从事行为活动时,人们必须增强安全意识,通过正确归因获得有益的安全感,以避免或减轻由于归因引起的安全感偏差而带来的危害.     

起重机运行自动纠偏及治理啃道系统开发

起重机大车运行啃道是一个普遍现象，它给企业造成相当大的经济损失。提出用位移传感器测量出起重机车架相对于轨道的偏斜，用此伯斜量作为控制信号，通过变频器调整两边驱动电动机的转速，从而自动地修正车架的伯斜，并加强车架的水平刚性，使啃道现象得以基本消除。作者将此设想已用于起重机模型的实际运行中，取得了良好的效果。     

OPTIMAL BATHYMETRY OF TYRRHENIAN SEA BY STOCHASTIC INTERPOLATORS1

ABSTRACT: The analysis of the sea depth in the vicinity of a thermal power plant is important in view of the heat dispersion and transport of the cooling water discharged from the energy production processes. The bathymetry of the Tyrrhenian Sea in the area facing the thermoelectric plant being built at Montalto di Castro, Italy, is reconstructed with the aid of the kriging technique. The large number of measurements (2038) precludes the use of a global interpolation model. At the same time, the steepness of the variogram suggests that the stochastic process is likely non-stationary. The latter problem is managed by detrending the observed records with a fourth-order polynomial drift determined with the least squares method. The global approach is replaced with local models with an influence radius of 70 m and a minimal number of interpolation records equal to 10. The detrended residuals appear to be second-order stationary having an isotropic vaniogram that is fitted equally well by a linear or a spherical function. The average size of the local interpolation models is 28, which ensures a high cemputational efficiency. The bathymetry of the sea area of interest is then reconstructed over a regular grid with a total of 3570 nodes. The estimation standard deviation maps show that the accuracy of the prediction is even greater than the prescribed tolerance (= 0.2 m) and indicate that future data collection campaigns require a less dense and, therefore, less expensive recording network. The redundant measurement profiles are identified. Their elimination still allows for bathymetry estimates affected by interpolation errors that fall within the project specifications.     

加油站定量和定性系统安全评价

论述加油站系统单元划分方法,研究加油站工艺过程,认为事故发生的原因一方面是由于系统各单元危险源的存在和控制措施的不完善,另一方面是由于工艺过程系统节点参数(流量、压力、温度等)发生有效偏差和偏差的传递造成的。针对上述两方面原因,首先从系统安全的角度,将加油站系统划分为5部分,并应用安全检查表方法对各子系统进行了定性安全评价;然后将工艺过程划分为6个节点,应用模糊危险与可操作性研究Fuzzy-HAZOP方法,对各个节点发生有效偏差的原因进行了定量的系统安全分析,并得到半定量化结果;最终从定性和定量两个方面完成了加油站系统安全评价。