生物陶粒——硅藻土联合工艺脱氮除磷

试验采用硅藻土和生物接触氧化组合工艺处理污水处理厂出水,氨氮从10mg／L下降到0．5mg／L以下,去除率70～95％;硅藻土澄清池对总磷的去除率高于95％;且对浊度、色度均有良好的去除效果。     

水华对沉积物中氮的转化和去除的影响

湖泊富营养化和水华暴发已经成为突出的环境问题之一,了解水华对湖泊氮素的转化和去除的影响,对于削减湖泊氮负荷至关重要.本文研究了水华对沉积物中氮转化和氮转化相关功能基因的影响,并采用结构方程模型分析了水华影响湖泊中氮转化和去除的途径.结果表明,与厌氧氨氧化相比,反硝化作用是太湖沉积物氮削减的主要途径,对沉积物中总溶解性氮去除率的解释度为42. 3%.水华可以直接造成沉积物中TDN和TOC量的增加,提高厌氧氨氧化菌、nir S和nir K的基因丰度,并且间接提高沉积物中氨氮和硝酸盐的浓度,通过增强厌氧氨氧化和反硝化过程加速沉积物中氮的去除.     

沉降除藻协同沉积物覆盖对藻华水体甲烷释放的影响

本研究以藻华水体甲烷释放为对象,利用模拟柱培养实验,探究了沉降除藻和沉积物覆盖复合技术对富营养化甲烷释放的影响.结果表明,沉降除藻结合沉积物覆盖处理可有效改善水环境,实现对甲烷释放的控制,但不同覆盖材料的效果存在差异;活性炭效果要优于土壤和沸石.相比于对照体系水体溶解氧(DO)2. 5 mg·L-1和氧化还原电位(ORP)100 m V,沉积物界面ORP -125 m V,沉降除藻协同活性炭覆盖体系中水体DO和ORP分别升高至3. 1 mg·L-1和174 m V,沉积物界面ORP逆转为168 m V,实验期间甲烷释放量相对于对照组减少90. 2%.研究结果在富营养水体甲烷减排方面具有指导性意义.     

太湖和巢湖夏季蓝藻水华期间产毒微囊藻和非产毒微囊藻种群丰度的空间分布

应用荧光定量PCR技术对蓝藻水华暴发期间太湖和巢湖水体中产毒微囊藻和总微囊藻种群丰度的空间分布进行了研究.分别以微囊藻毒素合成基因基因家族成员mcyD和小核糖体16S rDNA序列构建定量PCR标准曲线,研究产毒微囊藻和总微囊藻种群丰度.结果表明:太湖和巢湖微囊藻种群由产毒微囊藻和非产毒微囊藻组成;蓝藻水华暴发期间,微囊藻种群组成及其丰度分布具有明显的空间差异性:太湖产毒微囊藻种群丰度为9.89×104～4.51×106 copies mL-1,产毒微囊藻占总微囊藻种群的比例为20.5%～38.1%;巢湖产毒微囊藻种群丰度为4.12×104～5.44×106 copies mL-1,其占总微囊藻种群的比例为8.4%～96.6%.总的来说,富营养化严重的湖区总微囊藻和产毒微囊藻种群丰度较高,产毒微囊藻占总微囊藻种群的比例也较高.图7表3参29     

陆生植物化感作用的抑藻研究进展

有效控制水华,治理富营养化水体是目前环境领域的研究热点和前沿。所谓化感物质,就是由植物、细菌、病毒和真菌所产生的二次代谢产物。利用水生植物的化感作用或化感物质抑制水体中藻类的爆发被认为是一种高效、低毒、环境亲合性好的方法而备受关注。然而,对于陆生植物应用于抑制藻类生长的研究却较少。文章在对化感作用的概念的演化、各种生物对藻类化感抑制作用、化感物质抑藻机理等方面进行了较系统的论述,总结了近年来国内外学者对于陆生植物化感作用抑藻的研究进展。文章认为相对于水生植物在抑藻方面的局限性,陆生植物的优势体现在对水生生态系统影响明显（化感作用明显）、所含抑藻化感物质种类丰富、不易受水生生态环境影响等方面,并对今后陆生植物抑藻技术的研究方向进行了展望,陆生植物中尤其是菊科植物化感抑藻应用前景广阔。最后指出,陆生植物的化感抑藻作用研究还存在进一步探索和改进化感物质的提取和鉴定方法、抑藻作用机理的研究、应用实际水体时的生态安全性等方面的问题。     

富营养化水体水华暴发的突变模型

对南方某水库1991～2004年水质数据进行了系统分析,综合考虑TP、N:P、Chla和DO4个对该水库富营养化乃至水华影响较大的因子,构建了该水库水华突变的尖点模型.经检验,模型的相对误差控制<5%,具有较好的拟合精度.根据模型的突变判别,水库的水生态系统在1997年发生了突变,这一模拟结论与TP指标的突变判别结论相印证,并与该水库1997年首度暴发水华的实际情况相一致.     

洋河水库蓝藻水华爆发预测影响因子研究

为了预测洋河水库富营养化变化趋势和蓝藻水华爆发的风险,对洋河水库水体进行采样,分析其环境质量.研究结果表明,近年来洋河水库叶绿素a含量处于高位,氮、磷含量不断上升,特别是总氮质量浓度在5 mg/L左右,主要以硝态氮的形式存在,富营养化程度不断加剧,具有大规模爆发蓝藻水华的风险.对洋河水库藻华爆发的环境条件进行分析,提出...     

磷化氢在湖泊磷生物地球化学循环中的作用

重点介绍磷化氢对湖泊富营养化和在湖泊磷的生物地球化学循环中的作用，并探讨其形成机理。     

Observations of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deposition During the Period of Algal Bloom Formation in Northern Lake Taihu,China

Cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu occurred at the end of April 2007 and had crucial impacts on the livelihood of millions of people living there. Excessive nutrients may promote bloom formation. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition appears to play an important role in algal bloom formation. Bulk deposition and rain water samples were collected respectively from May 1 to November 30, 2007, the period of optimal algal growth, to measure the bulk atmospheric deposition rate, wet deposition rate, and dry deposition rate for total nitrogen (TN; i.e., all species of nitrogen), and total phosphorus (TP; i.e., all species of phosphorus), in northern Lake Taihu, China. The trends of the bulk atmospheric deposition rate for TN and the wet deposition rate for TN showed double peaks during the observation period and distinct influence with plum rains and typhoons. Meanwhile, monthly bulk atmospheric deposition rates for TP showed little influence of annual precipitation. However, excessive rain may lead to high atmospheric N and P deposition rates. In bulk deposition samples, the average percentage of total dissolved nitrogen accounting for TN was 91.2% and changed little with time. However, the average percentage of total dissolved phosphorus accounting for TP was 65.6% and changed substantially with time. Annual bulk atmospheric deposition rates of TN and TP during 2007 in Lake Taihu were estimated to be 2,976 and 84 kg km⁻² a⁻¹, respectively. The results showed decreases of 34.4% and 78.7%, respectively, compared to 2002–2003. Annual bulk deposition load of TN for Lake Taihu was estimated at 6,958 t a⁻¹ in 2007 including 4,642 t a⁻¹ of wet deposition, lower than the values obtained in 2002–2003. This may be due to measures taken to save energy and emission control regulations in the Yangtze River Delta. Nevertheless, high atmospheric N and P deposition loads helped support cyanobacterial blooms in northern Lake Taihu during summer and autumn, the period of favorable algal growth.     

Sulfur-containing amino acid methionine as the precursor of volatile organic sulfur compounds in algea-induced black bloom

After the application of methionine, a progressive and significant increase occurred in five volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs): methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and dimethyl tetrasulfide (DMTeS). Even in the untreated control without a methionine addition, methionine and its catabolites (VOSCs, mainly DMDS) were found in considerable amounts that were high enough to account for the water’s offensive odor. However, blackening only occurred in two methionine-amended treatments. The VOSCs production was observed to precede black color development, and the reaching of a peak value for total VOSCs was often followed by water blackening. The presence of glucose stimulated the degradation of methionine while postponing the occurrence of the black color and inhibiting the production of VOSCs. In addition, DMDS was found to be the most abundant species produced after the addition of methionine alone, and DMTeS appeared to be the most important compound produced after the addition of methionine+glucose. These results suggest that methionine acted as an important precursor of the VOSCs in lakes suffering from algea-induced black bloom. The existence of glucose may change the transformation pathway of methionine into VOSCs to form larger molecular weight compounds, such as DMTS and DMTeS.