The abatement of major pollutants in air and water by environmental catalysis

This review reports the research progress in the abatement of major pollutants in air and water by environmental catalysis. For air pollution control, the selective catalytic reduction of NO _x (SCR) by ammonia and hydrocarbons on metal oxide and zeolite catalysts are reviewed and discussed, as is the removal of Hg from flue gas by catalysis. The oxidation of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by photo- and thermal-catalysis for indoor air quality improvement is reviewed. For wastewater treatment, the catalytic elimination of inorganic and organic pollutants in wastewater is presented. In addition, the mechanism for the procedure of abatement of air and water pollutants by catalysis is discussed in this review. Finally, a research orientation on environment catalysis for the treatment of air pollutants and wastewater is proposed.     

One-pot preparation of graphene oxide magnetic nanocomposites for the removal of tetrabromobisphenol A

A simple solvothermal method was used to prepare monodisperse magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles attached onto graphene oxide (GO) sheets as adsorbents to remove tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) from an aqueous solution. These Fe₃O₄/GO (MGO) nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption capacity at different initial pH, contact duration, and temperature were evaluated. The kinetics of adsorption was found to fit the pseudo-second-order model perfectly. The adsorption isotherm well fitted the Langmuir model, and the theoretical maximum of adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 27.26 mg?g^-1. The adsorption thermodynamics of TBBPA on the MGO nanocomposites was determined at 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K, respectively. The results indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The MGO nanocomposites were conveniently separated from the media by an external magnetic field within several seconds, and then regenerated in 0.2 M NaOH solution. Thus, the MGO nanocomposites are a promising candidate for TBBPA removal from wastewater.     

施肥对不同肥力水平春玉米农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

选取辽河灌区不同肥力水平春玉米(Zea mays ssp. mays L.)农田土壤为研究对象,通过连续3年田间定位试验研究施肥对不同层次土壤有机碳组分(TOC、ASOC、LFOC、DOC和MBC)的影响,分析土壤有机碳组分的产量效应.结果表明,连续种植春玉米能够显著增加低产田土壤w(TOC),增加各产田土壤w(ASOC)和w(MBC),降低各产田土壤w(LFOC),土壤w(DOC)变化较小.施肥使土壤w(TOC)增加了-13.41%~7.54%,平均增加了0.16%;使高产田表层(0~10 cm)土壤w(TOC)显著增加,低产田犁底层(20~40 cm)土壤w(TOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤w(ASOC)增加了-13.98%~72.22%,平均增加了15.82%;使低产田犁底层和高产田耕层(10~20 cm)土壤w(ASOC)显著增加,中产田耕层土壤w(ASOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤w(LFOC)增加了-42.60%~168.57%,平均增加了48.83%;使中产田表层和犁底层、高产田表层和耕层土壤w(LFOC)显著增加,高产田犁底层土壤 w(LFOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤 w(DOC)增加了-42.74%~51.29%,平均增加了9.36%;使中产田耕层和犁底层、高产田表层和耕层土壤 w(DOC)显著增加,低产田耕层土壤 w(DOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤 w(MBC)增加了-1.16%~19.97%,平均增加了9.32%,除中产田耕层土壤之外其他土层土壤w(MBC)均有所增加.施肥主要提高土壤ASOC和LFOC含量,促进土壤DOC的变化.施肥显著增加低产田土壤有机碳组分含量,促进中产田土壤有机碳组分变化,增加高产田土壤有机碳耗损.施肥主要增加表层(0~10 cm)土壤有机碳组分含量,耗损犁底层(20~40 cm)土壤有机碳,调解耕层(10~20 cm)土壤活性有机碳组分.施肥对微生物可利用性及结构不同的活性有机碳组分影响不同;高、中、低产田因其土壤理化性状及有机碳本底值不同,对施肥的响应存在差异.施肥总体增加土壤活性有机碳各组分含量,同时通过改变微生物及玉米根系活力影响活性有机碳含量及组分.土壤中有机碳组分与产量的回归方程为(产量)=-4665.61-0.008×w(SOC)-0.421×w (ASOC)-0.777×w (LFOC)+5.370×w (DOC)+33.408×w (MBC).ASOC和MBC具有土壤肥力指示作用,施肥主要通过调控土壤ASOC提高玉米产量.     

PCDD/Fs emission, risk characterization, and reduction in China’s secondary copper production industry

Secondary copper production is one of the key polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) emission sources in China, but research and data on this issue are rare. In 2004, when the Stockholm Convention entered into force in China, PCDD/Fs emissions from secondary copper production contributed to 32.2% of the total release. In this paper, PCDD/Fs emission dynamics from secondary copper industry were discussed and cumulative risks were characterized. From 2004 to 2009, industrial policies played an indirect role in PCDD/Fs reduction, but its effects are still limited. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and central regions were among the top three of dioxin emissions from secondary copper production in China. Shanghai, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi had comparatively higher accumulated risk and were recommended as the priority regions for promoting PCDD/Fs emission control in China. From 2009 to 2015, the PCDD/Fs emission dynamics in the secondary copper industry were presented through simulation. PCDD/Fs emission equations were established, resulting in the recommendation of control technology conversion rate at 30% for small scale smelters and 51%–57% for large and medium-sized enterprises in 2015. In conclusion, both indirect policy and direct control technology retrofitting should be integrated for more effective PCDD/Fs emission reduction in secondary copper industry.     

纳米零价铁对溶液中PCB77的降解及其影响因素

设计了以溶液初始pH值、3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯(PCB77)初始浓度、纳米零价铁(Fe0)投加量、纳米零价硅(Si0)投加量、腐殖酸和环糊精浓度为影响因素的正交试验,研究纳米Fe0降解PCB77时各因素对反应体系中PCB77残留率、氢离子浓度及氧化还原电位变化的影响及其相互关系。结果表明,在溶液初始pH值为4.5,初始ρ(PCB77)为1 mg.L-1,纳米Fe0投加量为10 g.L-1,纳米Si0投加量为0,ρ(腐殖酸)为0.25 g.L-1,ρ(环糊精)为1 g.L-1时,反应2 h后,PCB77残留率最低,为35.2%。溶液初始pH值对反应体系中PCB77的残留率影响最大,纳米Fe0投加量次之;溶液初始pH值对反应体系中氢离子浓度变化影响最大,环糊精投加量次之;PCB77初始浓度对反应体系中氧化还原电位变化影响最大,纳米Fe0投加量次之。     

生态工业园区生态效率评估方法研究及应用

生态效率兼顾经济效益和环境效益,是定量描述环境和经济系统相互关系的核心指标,是评价生态工业园发展水平的热点.借鉴生态足迹和生态效率的理论,依据生态足迹核算方法,建立了生态工业园生态效率评价模型,并应用该模型对昆山高新区生态效率进行分析.结果显示,昆山高新区生态效率呈逐年上升趋势,限制其提高的主要因素是区内从业人员的生物资源需求以及电子信息行业和除三大主导行业以外的其他行业较低的生态效率.     

磺胺甲恶唑对小麦叶片蛋白和叶绿素含量及SOD酶活性的影响

为了探明磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMZ)的生态毒理效应,通过实验室人工控制毒理实验,研究了低浓度SMZ暴露对小麦体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、叶绿素(CHL)和蛋白质(SP)含量的影响.结果显示:染毒7d后,各浓度组小麦叶片的SOD活性均被显著诱导(P＜0.0l),并且染毒浓度的升高增强了SOD的活性,表明SMZ暴露胁迫下,小麦可启动自身的保护机制以最大限度地减少自由基损伤.而小麦叶片的CHL含量,随着SMZ染毒浓度的增加而逐渐降低.并且当SMZ暴露浓度较高时,小麦叶片的CHL含量被显著抑制(P＜0.05)).当SMZ染毒浓度为0.05～ 0.50 mg· L-1时,SP的含量被显著诱导(P＜ 0.01));1.00 mg·L-1SMZ对SP的含量产生显著(P＜0.01)抑制,这说明SMZ染毒剂量将对蛋白质的合成产生严重影响.综上,SOD的活性变化可反映出SMZ暴露对小麦的污染效应及其生态毒性作用,但将其作为评估SMZ污染暴露的生物标志物有待于进一步深入研究.     

Fermentative hydrogen production from beet sugar factory wastewater treatment in a continuous stirred tank reactor using anaerobic mixed consortia

A low pH, ethanol-type fermentation process was evaluated for wastewater treatment and bio-hydrogen production from acidic beet sugar factory wastewater in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with an effective volume of 9.6 L by anaerobic mixed cultures in this present study. After inoculating with aerobic activated sludge and operating at organic loading rate (OLR) of 12 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1, HRT of 8h, and temperature of 35°C for 28 days, the CSTR achieved stable ethanol-type fermentation. When OLR was further increased to 18 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1 on the 53rd day, ethanol-type fermentation dominant microflora was enhanced. The liquid fermentation products, including volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ethanol, stabilized at 1493 mg·L^-1 in the bioreactor. Effluent pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and alkalinity ranged at 4.1–4.5, -250–(-290) mV, and 230–260 mgCaCO₃?L^-1. The specific hydrogen production rate of anaerobic activated sludge was 0.1 L?gMLVSS^-1·d^-1 and the COD removal efficiency was 45%. The experimental results showed that the CSTR system had good operation stability and microbial activity, which led to high substrate conversion rate and hydrogen production ability.     

离子液体[C16mim]Cl对泥鳅的毒性效应

以泥鳅为受试动物,采用急性毒性、微核试验及酶活分析实验,研究了离子液体[C16mim]Cl对水生生物的生物毒性作用。急性实验表明:[C16mim]Cl对泥鳅有明显的毒性,其对泥鳅24、48和96h的LC50分别为2.533、1.763和1.379mg.L-1;微核实验表明:对照组红细胞微核率为0.5‰左右,而处理组红细胞微核率最高达到12.89‰,且各处理组均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);酶活分析实验表明:处理组血清的GPT和GOT活力均明显高于对照组,且随[C16mim]Cl浓度增高而呈现上升趋势。从以上结果可以得出:[C16mim]Cl对泥鳅具有显著的遗传毒性和生理毒性效应,因而推测其大量使用可能对水生生物及生态环境具有一定的毒害作用。     

广州市天河区2016年雨季挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

采用"GCMS/FID"在线分析方法,对广州市区2016年7月大气VOCs的污染特征及来源进行了研究,共检出了73种VOCs组分.结果表明,观测期间总VOCs的小时平均浓度为（118.83±79.40）μg·m^-3,最高值为492.42 μg·m^-3,最低值为10.54 μg·m^-3.07：00左右TVOC浓度出现高峰,说明早高峰的机动车污染对该站点的VOCs具有较大贡献;14：00左右浓度最低,与光化学损耗相关;21：00~24：00间VOCs浓度又出现高值,可能和污染源排放或边界层压缩有关.运用PMF模型解析出VOCs的5个主要来源分别是：交通污染源、溶剂使用污染、加油站污染、植物排放和餐厨废气,其贡献分别为29.79%、26.61%、24.86%、9.91%、8.84%;白天交通废气源贡献最大,而中午植物排放的贡献也明显增大;夜间溶剂污染源和加油站污染源占比上升,为该时段VOCs的主要来源.