双氯芬酸和醋氨酚对稀有鮈鲫早期生活阶段的毒性效应

随着非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）的持续使用与排放,世界各地的地表水、海水、地下水、污水厂进出水中均已频繁检测到该类药物,这对生态系统中各种非靶标生物造成了一定威胁.本研究评价了两种典型的非甾体抗炎药-双氯芬酸（Diclofenac）和醋氨酚（Acetaminophen）对中国特有物种稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）早期生活阶段的毒性效应.实验结果显示,醋氨酚的毒性较弱,当浓度达到48.4 mg·L^-1（NOEC）时,稀有鮈鲫的孵化率、死亡率、异常率、全长和干重均未表现出明显的中毒症状;而双氯酚酸的毒性则较强,当浓度达17.8 mg·L^-1（LC₁₀）时,即可导致稀有鮈鲫孵化率下降,当浓度达到10.2 mg·L^-1（LOEC）时,即可造成幼鱼外观和行为的显著异常,表明双氯芬酸对稀有鮈鲫的孵化和生长均产生了一定的致毒效应.同时,根据稀有鮈鲫和几种常用模式生物之间的孵化率、孵化后存活率、体长和双氯芬酸敏感性的比较结果,可认为稀有鮈鲫适用于污染物对鱼类早期生活阶段毒性效应的评估.     

湿法炼锌高盐废水的综合回收实验研究

采用“预处理除杂—蒸发—盐分离结晶”技术对锌烟尘处理厂产出的高盐废水进行了探索实验研究.结果表明：采用该技术处理锌冶炼高盐废水,分别得到合格生产用水、无水硫酸钠和氯化钠,高盐废水实现了资源化回收利用.中和后的浓盐水加热到95~100℃进行高温蒸发浓缩,分离得到结晶盐无水硫酸钠,含量为98.79%,达到Ⅱ类优等品质量标准;蒸发得到的冷凝水电导率≤48μS/cm,水质达到生产用水标准.高温蒸发后期,氯化钠富集在少量的残余液中,保持60℃低温蒸发,分离得到结晶盐氯化钠,其中氯化钠含量为93.82%.     

失效磷酸基化学抛光液的再生

采用氟铝酸钠沉淀法去除失效磷酸基化学抛光液中的铝杂质,并对溶液再生利用的工艺条件进行了研究.实验结果表明,在氢氧化钠和氢氟酸加入量与理论值的比均为1.2(即n(氢氧化钠):n(Al~(3+)):2:1、n(氢氟酸):n(Al~(3+))=28:5)的条件下,采用二步法过滤后,抛光液中磷酸质量分数大于50%,磷酸回收率为79.5%,Al~(3+)去除率为97.1%,剩余Al~(3+)质量分数为0.05%.滤渣经处理后成为新的有价物质,滤液在补加磷酸和其他有效成分后可再生循环使用.     

利用合成沸石副产稀碱液制五水偏硅酸钠

合成沸石原粉副产和稀碱液经除杂后，用泡花碱调整ＳｉＯ２浓度，再经浓缩、结晶、分离、干燥等过程制备五水偏硅酸钠，产品质量符合标准，生产成本较通常方法可降低２５％，采用本法还可解决稀碱液对环境的污染，具有较好的环境、经济和社会效益。     

Are calcareous soils in uplands less prone to damage from road salting than acidic soils?

Previous studies of upland roadside soils in Cumbria, that would normally be naturally acidic, have highlighted that (a) runoff from roads subjected to long-term road salting can dramatically raise soil pH down slope in upland areas; (b) the soil pH increase dramatically changes N cycling in soils down slope, increasing mineralisation of organic matter, ammonification, ammonium leaching down slope and nitrification and nitrate leaching; (c) the increase in nitrification substantially increases nitrate leaching to down-slope rivers, and this is readily detectable in field studies; and (d) loss of soil organic matter over decades of salting is so great that organic matter is no longer substantially solubilised by high salt concentrations found in soil solution below road drains. This paper tests and supports the hypothesis that such effects are minimal for more calcareous soil ecosystems. It examines the soil and soil solution chemistry on another Cumbrian upland highway, the A686 near Leadgate, Alston. Sodium % of soil CEC values for soil transects affected by spray containing road salt are similar at both the A6 and A686 sites. However, spatial trends in calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and nitrate concentrations as well as pH differ, as a direct result of the higher weathering rate of parent material and possibly also the presence of limestone walls above both spray-affected and control transects at the A686 site.     

Determination of andrographolide sodium bisulfite in renal microdialysis fluid of rats and toxicokinetic study

Abstract

Andrographolide sodium bisulfite (ASB) widely used for intestinal infections and respiratory tract infections. It has been reported to frequently cause acute renal failure in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nephrotoxicity and toxicokinetics in Sprague-Dawley rats after a single-dose injection of ASB administered at 100, 600, and 1000?mg/kg via intravenous tail injections. The concentrations in plasma and kidney microdialysates were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in plasma were determined and toxicokinetic parameters were observed. In plasma and kidney, the elimination constant and clearance were decreased and the half-time was increased with increasing dose. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were positively correlated with ASB concentration indicating the potential for accumulation in kidney that can eventually lead to damage.     

Effect of calcination temperature on the application of sodium zirconate solid base catalyst for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil

Influence of catalyst calcination temperature on the catalyst characteristics and catalytic transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil for biodiesel production was studied by using sodium zirconate (Na₂ZrO₃) solid base catalyst. Na₂ZrO₃ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method followed by calcination at temperatures of 700, 800, and 900°C. The prepared catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Important parameters influencing the catalytic activity and fatty acid methyl ester yield were investigated. It was found that the increase in calcination temperature showed marked increase in activity due to the increased porosity and presence of tetragonal zirconia. Investigation of the reusability of the catalysts showed that the catalytic activity was retained even after five cycles of reaction.     

糖精钠生产废水的铁氧体法除铜研究

对糖精钠生产废水实施铁置换法除铜后，废水中仍含有较高浓度的Ｃｕ＾２＋。本研究进一步以铁氧体法除铜。试验条件下，Ｃｕ６２＋的去除率达９８％Ｔ以上，出水Ｃｕ＾２＋浓度低于２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ。通过正交试验，找出最佳工艺及操作参数，从而为该类废水的预处理设计及运行管理提供屯依据。     

流动分析法测定空气和废气中氨的研究

建立流动分析法测定吸收液中氨的方法,用稀硫酸溶液吸收空气中的氨气,吸收液作为样品进入流动分析系统,采用在线蒸馏,实行自动分析,与国家标准方法比对,无明显差异,可用于空气中氨的定量检测。     

钠盐类型对表面活性剂清洗煤油污染土壤的强化效应

采用表面活性剂清洗煤油污染土壤,考察添加钠盐对洗脱率的影响,并用Zeta电位仪、表面张力仪对溶液及用接触角仪对清洗前后的土壤进行表征.结果表明,硅酸钠对十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)清洗的增效作用最明显;酒石酸钠对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及聚氧乙烯月桂醚(Brij35)清洗的增效作用最明显;不同类型钠盐对曲拉通X-100(TX-100)清洗均有一定的增效作用但差别不明显;腐殖酸钠及硅酸钠对皂苷溶液清洗的增效程度相当,但就改良土质而言选用腐殖酸钠作助剂更为合适;硅酸钠对Tw-80清洗的增效作用随着Tw-80浓度的增大而增强,氯化钠和酒石酸钠则相反.钠盐增效清洗的作用机制是降低离子型表面活性剂的表面张力和临界胶束浓度;而非离子型表面活性剂的增效作用则是利用钠盐防止煤油"重吸附"及抗表面活性剂"沉淀",增大胶团体积来实现.接触角测量表明,煤油污染后的土壤亲水性减弱,清洗后接触角变小,亲水性增强,且随着表面活性剂浓度的增大接触角减小,对恢复土壤运输水分和养料正常功能有利.