Synthesis and characterization of agricultural controllable humic acid superabsorbent

Humic acid superabsorbent polymer (P(AA/AM-HA)) and superabsorbent polymer (P(AA/AM)) were synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization method using acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM) and humic acid (HA) as raw material. The effects of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) crosslinking agent, potassium peroxydisulfate (KPS) initiator, reaction temperature, HA content, ratio of AA to AM, concentration of monomer and neutralization of AA on water absorption were investigated. Absorption and desorption ratios of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer were also investigated by determination of absorption and desorption ratio of NH₄⁺, PO₄^3- on P(AA/AM-HA) and P(AA/AM). The P(AA/AM-HA) and P(AA/AM) were characterized by Fourier translation infrared spectroscopy, biological photomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal conditions obtained were as follows: the weight ratio of MBA to AA and AM was 0.003; the weight ratio of KPS to AA and AM was 0.008; the weight ratio of HA to AA was 0.1; the mole ratio of AM to AA is 0.1; the mole ratio of NaOH to AA is 0.9; the reaction temperature was 60℃. P(AA/AMHA) synthesized under optimal conditions, has a good saline tolerance, its water absorbency in distilled water and 0.9 wt.% saline solution is 1180 g/g and 110 g/g, respectively. P(AA/AM-HA) achieves half saturation in 6.5 min. P(AA/AM-HA) is superior to P(AA/AM) on absorption of NH₄⁺, PO₄^3-. The SEM micrograph of P(AA/AM-HA) shows a fine alveolate structure. The biological optical microscope micrograph of P(AA/AM-HA) shows a network structure. Graft polymerization between P(AA/AM) and HA was demonstrated by infrared spectrum. The P(AA/AM-HA) superabsorbent has better absorbing ability of water and fertilizer, electrolytic tolerance and fewer cost than P(AA/AM) superabsorbent.     

Optimum conditions for the formation of Al13 polymer and active chlorine in electrolysis process with Ti/RuO2-TiO2 anodes

A polyaluminum containing a high concentration of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine (PACC) was successfully synthesized by a new electrochemical reactor using Ti/RuO₂-TiO₂ anodes. PACC can potentially be used as a dual-function chemical reagent for water treatment. The obtained results indicated that the formation of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine, were the most active components in PACC responsible for coagulation and disinfection respectively. These components were significantly influenced by electrolyte temperature, current density, and stirring rate. It was observed that high electrolyte temperature favored the formation of Al₁₃. Increasing current density and stirring rate resulted in high current efficiency of chlorine evolution, thus favoring the generation of Al₁₃ and active chlorine in PACC. When the PACC (Al_T = 0.5 mol/L, basicity = 2.3) was prepared at the optimum conditions by electrolysis process, the Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine in product reached above 70% of Al_T and 4000 mg/L, respectively. In the pilot scale experiment with raw polyaluminum chloride used as an electrolyte, PACC was successfully prepared and produced a high content of Al₁₃ and active chlorine products. The pilot scale experiment demonstrated a potential industrial approach of PACC preparation.     

聚丙烯酰胺对聚合物驱含油污水中油珠沉降分离的影响

研究发现阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)对聚合物驱含油污水处理有正反2方面影响.聚合物能增加污水粘度,降低油珠上浮速度,而且聚合物能增加油水界面水膜强度,延缓油珠聚并时间,这是聚合物对油珠沉降分离的不利影响;同时,聚丙烯酰胺具有絮凝性,能将水中油珠连接到一起,有利于油珠聚并.当聚丙烯酰胺相对分子质量为2.72×10⁶,浓度小于800mg/L时,絮凝作用大于粘度作用,有利于油珠的沉降分离.初始油珠粒径小是聚合物驱含油污水难处理的主要原因.横向流除油器可以加速油珠聚并,缩短沉降时间,适合处理聚合物驱含油污水.     

油田聚合物驱采出污水絮凝过程研究

针对油田聚合物驱（简称聚驱）采出污水,通过对油滴粒度分布、絮凝指数、油水分离特性和Zeta电位等指标的测定,研究了聚合物、温度、药剂以及搅拌强度对絮凝过程的影响,并探讨了影响聚驱采出污水油水分离效果的主要原因.结果表明,静电排斥并不是聚驱采出污水异常稳定的主要原因. 聚驱采出污水的油水分离特性与水驱采出污水相比存在显著差别,主要因为聚合物阻碍了小油滴的碰撞絮凝. 投加250mg/L由改性聚醚类破乳剂和弱阳离子絮凝剂复合而成的CHP-03药剂,可以有效克服聚合物的阻碍作用,获得92%的含油去除率. 该药剂在絮凝过程中并不依靠电中和机理来实现油滴的脱稳. 在现场条件下,温度的提高不能明显地促进油滴絮凝的有效性. 适当的高速搅拌可以加快絮体生长. 油滴之间的聚结破乳滞后于絮凝,絮凝的后期应避免剧烈搅拌,防止尚未聚结破乳的油滴重新分散.     

聚合铝铁对A2/O系统 EPS及生物絮凝性能的影响

通过向实验室构建的A2/O模型好氧池末端投加聚合铝铁(PAFC)来强化系统的生物除磷,使得出水总磷达到《城市污水处理厂污染物排放标准GB 18918-2002》中的一级A标准,并重点分析投加的PAFC对A2/O系统中活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)和活性污泥生物絮凝性能的影响.结果表明,随着PAFC投药量的增加,A2/O系统活性污泥EPS总量变化不大,但EPS组分中蛋白/多糖含量的比值逐渐降低,由投药前的3.30降低至投药后的2.30;EPS中金属离子含量逐渐增加,在厌氧-缺氧-好氧的运行周期内,各处理单元污泥的EPS中金属铝离子含量增加.投加PAFC后,活性污泥颗粒变大,二沉池出水的Zeta电位明显降低,由投药前-15.83 mV降低至-21.20 mV,污泥产量增加.因此,适量投加PAFC后,生物絮凝性能得到改善,出水中悬浊颗粒减少,出水水质变好.     

胞外聚合物结合磷效能的研究

以实验SBR反应器的活性污泥为研究对象,探讨了超声波-树脂法提取EPS的方法与程序;以5种不同来源的活性污泥为研究对象,考察了EPS结合磷的效能.结果表明,超声波-树脂法分离EPS和细菌细胞的较优程序为：采用21kHz、40W超声波作用60mL污泥2min（VSS约为8000mg·L-1）;然后,投加80g·g-1（以...     

预酸析-厌氧流化床处理碱法草浆黑液的研究

对预酸析多孔高分子载体固定化微生物厌氧流化床（ＡＦＢ）处理碱法草浆黑液的效能进行了研究．结果表明，采用酸析预处理，去除了黑液中大部分难生化降解的高分子物质后，ＡＦＢ的厌氧消化潜能得到充分发挥．预酸析ＡＦＢ处理比直接ＡＦＢ处理更为有利．对黑液中木质素的化学性质研究表明，厌氧处理前后的黑液中木质素分子的基本结构单元保持不变，但分子量大的木质素有向小分子转化的趋势．通过扫描电镜观察，除了产甲烷菌外，还发现了硫酸盐还原菌和硫细菌．     

工业型煤复合粘结剂的研制

根据高聚物相似互溶、扩散渗透原理,采用苎麻黑液、造纸黑液、酒糟废水、淀粉黄浆废水等10种高浓度有机废水(液)作为原料,研制成用于工业型煤的复合粘结剂,使高浓度有机废水(液)得到经济、合理的资源利用。这种粘结剂中含有多种天然高分子物质,可交联成三维空间网状结构,使工业型煤具有较高的机械强度和防潮抗水性能,并同时解决了燃煤和高浓度有机废水(液)的环境污染问题。     

PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂的脱色性能研究

研究了二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵聚合物（PDMDAAC）系列絮凝剂对活性染料废水和分散染料废水的脱色效果，考察了絮凝剂的特性粘度、阳离子度及结构等因素对脱色效果的影响，探讨了其脱色机理，并试验了与PAC复配的脱色效果。实验结果表明：絮凝剂的特性粘度越高，阳离子度越高，脱色效果越好；絮凝剂结构中引入乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷（VTMS）可使脱色效果胡所提高；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂处理活性染料废水的机理是通过电中和作用，使染料分子从水中析出，然后通过吸附架桥作用使之聚集、沉降除去；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂在处理分散染料废水时，吸附架桥为主导作用；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂与PAC复配可使脱色效果更佳而且可以降低处理成本。     

城市河道表层水及沉积物中微塑料的污染现状与污染行为

河流是微塑料从陆地向海洋传输的关键路径,在近年来得到了越来越多的研究重视.但实际上,目前关于城市不同区域河道表层水及沉积物中微塑料的污染现状及污染行为研究仍十分有限,相关问题依然不甚清晰.本文以上海市中心城区及郊区城镇区域的8条河道作为研究对象,共采集16个河道表层水及沉积物样品,采用高速摄像仪和傅立叶红外变换光谱仪鉴定样品中微塑料的丰度、尺寸、颜色、形状和类型等特征.结果表明,上海市城市河道表层水中微塑料的平均丰度为(7.5±2.8)个·L~(-1),而沉积物中微塑料的平均丰度(以湿重计)则达到了(1 575.5±758.4)个·kg~(-1).微塑料尺寸越小丰度越高.其中,低于500μm、纤维状、透明色和聚酯类的微塑料始终在上海市城市河道中占据主导地位,但沉积物中的微塑料分布更具多样性.相对于国内外其他城市河道中的微塑料污染,上海市城市河道中的微塑料污染较为严重.不同城市河道中,微塑料的形状和聚合物类型分布受到来源(主要为洗衣废水、个人护理产品和塑料废弃物等)、水动力学条件和本身理化性质等各种因素的较大影响.还进一步讨论了城市河道中微塑料的污染行为(来源、传输与归趋),并解析了各种环境因子对其造成的潜在影响.