淀山湖沉积物-水界面氮磷通量及其生态环境效应研究

底泥营养盐释放对淀山湖湖区造成的内源污染不容忽视.采用室外采样和室内模拟实验方法,对春夏两季淀山湖沉积物-水界面氮磷释放速率进行了研究.结果表明春季氨氮、硝态氮、可溶磷的的通量变化范围分别为-692.79~315.82 mg/(m2?h)、-19.04~5.29 mg/(m2?h)和-1.35~2.31 mg/(m2?h),平均值分别为76.65 mg/(m2?h)、-3.29 mg/(m2?h)和0.64 mg/(m2?h).夏季三者变化范围分别为-74.15~91.91 mg/(m2?h)、-70.71 mg/(m2?h)~8.65 mg/(m2?h)和-10.02~18.86 mg/(m2?h),平均值为4.85 mg/(m2?h)、-42.16 mg/(m2?h)和9.47 mg/(m2?h).淀山湖区春夏两季总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的交换总量分别为-1769.22 t,1539.40 t,淀山湖底泥可以有效去除上覆水体氮负荷,但却是水体磷的释放源.     

调控絮体形态强化电絮凝减缓膜污染

本研究通过调节电絮凝工艺参数来实现对絮体形态的调控,进而达到减缓膜污染的目的.主要考察了电流密度、初始pH、初始电导率对絮体性质以及膜通量的影响,并解析了超滤膜对不同形貌结构絮体的膜污染响应机制.结果表明,电絮凝减缓膜污染的关键是在膜表面形成疏松多孔的滤饼层,电絮凝-超滤(electrocoagulation-ultrafiltration,EC-UF)工艺不但能够有效地减缓膜污染,而且还极大提升了出水水质.增加电流密度,以及在pH中性水质条件下,EC-UF工艺中膜通量保持更高.j=20 A·m~(-2)、初始pH=7、初始电导率=1 000μS·cm~(-1),EC-UF工艺对水中的腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)去除率为97%,平衡阶段归一化通量J/J0达到81%.     

聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备及除盐研究

以聚砜超滤膜为支撑膜,分别采用1,6-己二胺、邻苯二胺和哌嗪为水相功能单体,均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）为油相功能单体,通过界面聚合法制备了纳滤膜。通过过膜试验,比较了三种配方制得纳滤膜的水通量和脱盐效率;并对纳滤膜功能层聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺进行深入研究,探讨了哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应的最佳胺氯比。实验结果表明,哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应制得的纳滤膜性能优于其他两种配方,并且当两者的胺氯比约为10∶1时,所制得的复合膜具有最佳脱盐效果。     

珠江三角洲四种森林类型土壤CO_2通量特征研究

采用开路式土壤CO2通量测量系统Li-8100＆Li-8150对珠江三角洲地区尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）人工林、乡土树种恢复林、针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林4种林型的土壤CO2通量进行了观测。结果表明：4种森林类型年均土壤CO2通量为尾叶桉人工林（3.35μmol.m-2.s-1）〉针阔叶混交林（2.66μmol.m-2.s-1）〉乡土树种恢复林（2.09μmol.m-2.s-1）〉常绿阔叶林（1.86μmol.m-2.s-1）;旱季土壤CO2通量明显小于雨季。前3种森林类型凋落物呼吸处理表明,旱季对照组土壤CO2通量均小于相应的去除凋落物组、雨季则相反,全年的对比结果显示,3种森林类型的凋落物呼吸贡献分别达到1.3%、7.1%和10.8%。土壤CO2通量与10 cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关,且土壤CO2通量温度敏感指数表现为针阔叶混交林Q10最大（3.49）,尾叶桉人工林Q10最小（1.95）。     

Hydrochemistry and dissolved nutrient flux of two small catchment rivers, south-western India

This paper deals with the water chemistry and dissolved nutrient flux of two small mountainous and heavily dammed rivers—Periyar and Chalakudy—of Kerala on the south-west coast of India. The lower reaches of these rivers are affected by sea-water ingression from the Arabian Sea during the non-monsoon season. Human interference through agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization in the lower and middle stretches of the river basins induces marked concentration variations in the hydro-chemical parameters. Except for N & P, all other chemical constituents exhibit high values during the non-monsoon season. Industrial contaminants in specific locations of the Periyar river reduce the pH to lower levels. Nutrients in the two rivers reveal marked seasonal and regional concentration variations. During the monsoon season, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) predominates over dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), but the reverse trend is observed during the non-monsoon season. The Periyar river shows higher average concentrations of DIN (monsoon 801 μg l^-1 and non-monsoon 292 μg l^-1) than Chalakudy river (monsoon 478 μg l^-1 and non-monsoon 130 μg l^-1). Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) has lower average values in the monsoon season (Periyar river, 38 μg l^-1; Chalakudy river, 42 μg l^-1) than dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) values (Periyar river, 107 μg l^-1; Chalakudy, 62 μg l^-1). The rivers show a marked difference in nutrient flux due to its difference in water discharge/basin characteristics and point/non-point sources of contaminants. The flux rates of DIN, DIP, and DOP during the monsoon are higher than during the non-monsoon season, while those of dissolved silicon (DSi), dissolved Fe (DFe), and DON are lower. On average, the Periyar river discharges 4953 t y^-1 of DIN and 1626 t y^-1 of DON to the coastal waters, and the corres-ponding values of the Chalakudy river are 772 t y^-1 and 596 t y^-1. The Periyar and Chalakudy rivers discharge 245 t y^-1 and 70.8 t y^-1 of DIP, respectively. The total flux of DOP is considerably higher (Periyar river 703 t y^-1 and Chalakudy river 101 t y^-1). The discharge of DSi into the Periyar river (40 193 t y^-1) is nearly five times higher than that in the Chalakudy river (8275 t y^-1). The discharges of DFe through the Periyar and Chalakudy rivers are 257 t y^-1 and 36.7 t y^-1, respectively. To sum up, this study addresses the water quality and nutrient flux of two tropical rivers and discusses the impact of urbanization and industrialization on river-water quality.     

A review of the technology and applications of methods for evaluating the transport of air pollutants

A variety of methods based on air quality models, including tracer methods, the brute-force method (BFM), decoupled direct method (DDM), high-order decoupled direct method (HDDM), response surface models (RSMs) and so on forth, have been widely used to study the transport of air pollutants. These methods have good applicability for the transport of air pollutants with simple formation mechanisms. However, differences in research conclusions on secondary pollutants with obvious nonlinear characteristics have been reported. For example, the tracer method is suitable for the study of simplified scenarios, while HDDM and RSMs are more suitable for the study for nonlinear pollutants. Multiple observation techniques, including conventional air pollutant observation, lidar observation, air sounding balloons, vehicle-mounted and ship-borne technology, aerial surveys, and remote sensing observations, have been utilized to investigate air pollutant transport characteristics with time resolution as high as 1 sec. In addition, based on a multi-regional input-output model combined with emission inventories, the transfer of air pollutant emissions can be evaluated and applied to study the air pollutant transport characteristics. Observational technologies have advantages in temporal resolution and accuracy, while modeling technologies are more flexible in spatial resolution and research plan setting. In order to accurately quantify the transport characteristics of pollutants, it is necessary to develop a research method for interactive verification of observation and simulation. Quantitative evaluation of the transport of air pollutants from different angles can provide a scientific basis for regional joint prevention and control.     

基于DGT技术的黄河上游典型水库沉积物氮磷释放与污染源解析

针对黄河上游河库连通背景下水库的污染源解析不足的问题,基于薄膜梯度扩散和高分辨率孔隙水采样,分析了黄河上游典型水库——沈家河水库的污染特征和扩散通量.结果表明,清水河入库口水质为劣Ⅴ类,沉积物为重度污染状态.各点位上覆水可溶性磷酸盐（SRP）平均值低于孔隙水,表明沉积物SRP因浓度梯度向上扩散.各点位DGT-P与DGT-Fe的相关性及沉积物-水界面浓度差存在空间异质性,1号的沉积物DGT-P释放受Fe-P还原释放主导,2号的表层沉积物DGT-P释放能力较差,3号的表层沉积物DGT-P的释放能力较强,可根据释放机制采取不同治理措施.沉积物-水界面附近1号（4～8 mm）、 2号（8～20 mm）和3号（-8～8 mm）发生NH⁺₄-N浓度减小和NO^-₃-N浓度增加的现象.沉积物释放导致的TP、 TN和NH⁺₄-N负荷增加量分别占总量的100%、 78.3%和56.5%,表明沉积物释放是负荷的主要来源,但是清水河输入对氮的影响不可忽略.结果为黄河上游水库污染源...     

渤海湾大气金属元素沉降和来源解析研究

干湿沉降是污染物从大气进入到地表生态环境的主要途径.渤海湾临近大气污染严重的京津冀地区,同时受航运交通排放影响,但渤海湾大气金属元素沉降量及其来源并不十分清楚.本研究于2016年11月—2017年10月在渤海西岸采集了大气沉降样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对样品中25种金属元素的含量进行了测定分析,估算了大气金属沉降量并进行了源解析.结果表明:沉降样品中25种元素的浓度变化范围为2458.8μg·L~(-1)(Ca)～9.9 ng·L~(-1)(Th),年沉降量变化为1229.9 mg·m~(-2)·a~(-1)(Ca)～5.0μg·m~(-2)·a~(-1)(Th).受降水量季节分布的影响,多数金属元素的沉降量在夏季最高,春秋季较低.除Be、Fe、Ni、Cr、Al、Th和U等元素外,其余18种元素都有不同程度的富集,特别是Cd、Ag、Se和Sb等元素已高度富集.燃煤(12.8%)、扬尘(25.9%)、工业(33.1%)和航运(28.2%)是渤海湾沉降样品中金属元素的主要来源,尤其是航运排放对海湾大气Sb、Cd和Mo沉降具有显著贡献.研究结果可为京津冀区域海陆协同发展和环境质量改善提供科学参考.     

枯水季和丰水季长江口海域生源硫的浓度变化特征及影响因素

为深入研究河口近岸海域DMS（二甲基硫）的生物地球化学过程,于2014年2月（枯水季）和7月（丰水季）对长江口及附近海域表层海水中DMS及其前体物质DMSP（二甲巯基丙酸内盐）的浓度分布及影响因素进行了研究,测定了DMSPd（溶解态DMSP）的降解速率和DMS的生物生产与微生物消费速率,并估算了DMS的海-气通量.结果表明:①枯水季和丰水季c（DMS）、c（DMSPd）、c（DMSPp）（DMSPp为颗粒态DMSP）的平均值±标准偏差分别为（0.54±0.28）（2.04±1.32）（6.65±5.07）和（3.99±3.70）（5.57±4.72）（14.26±9.17）nmol/L,长江口海域丰水季生源硫化物的浓度明显高于枯水季.②枯水季和丰水季c（DMSPd）与ρ（Chla）均呈弱相关,说明浮游植物在控制长江口海域DMSP的生产分布中发挥重要作用.③枯水季和丰水季c（DMS）/ρ（Chla）的平均值±标准偏差分别为（2.62±3.28）和（4.60±7.49）mmol/g,表明丰水季DMS的高产藻种（甲藻）在浮游植物生物量中所占比例高于枯水季.④枯水季表层海水中DMSPd的降解速率和DMS的生物生产速率分别介于（2.84~30.53）和（0.52~2.19）nmol/（L·d）之间,平均值分别为14.55和1.30 nmol/（L·d）,表明DMS并不是DMSPd的主要降解产物.⑤枯水季和丰水季DMS的海-气通量平均值±标准偏差分别为（0.36±0.32）和（2.17±2.98）μmol/（m2·d）,而且丰水季的硫排放量明显高于枯水季,这主要与夏季较高的c（DMS）有关.研究显示,长江口海域生源硫化物的浓度变化及分布特征呈明显的季节性差异,河口近岸海域是海洋有机硫排放的重要区域.      

地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟CH4和N2O排放的影响

为了探讨地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟温室气体CH₄和N₂O排放的影响,以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,进行为期1 a的田间原位观测.本试验设置常规和覆膜两种处理方式,研究地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟中CH₄和N₂O排放的影响.结果表明,地膜覆盖能极显著提高土壤全年pH（P<0.01）,显著提高全年的地表温度和地下5 cm温度（P<0.05）,显著提高萝卜季土壤含水率（P<0.05）.不论是辣椒季还是萝卜季,覆膜显著降低了垄的CH₄排放（P<0.05）,辣椒季垄的CH₄平均排放通量常规和覆膜处理分别为0.110 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.028 mg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为0.011 mg·（m²·h）^-1和-0.019 mg·（m²·h）^-1,但覆膜对沟的CH₄排放没有显著影响（P>0.05）,辣椒季常规和覆膜处理分别为0.058 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.057 mg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为0.083 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.092 mg·（m²·h）^-1,对比垄和沟,除了辣椒季常规处理下垄CH₄排放量显著高于沟,其它均为沟显著高于垄,这与西南地区较高的降雨量下沟内较稳定的缺氧环境有关.覆膜处理对N₂O没有显著影响,辣椒季垄N₂O的平均排放通量常规和覆膜处理下分别为65.41 μg·（m²·h）^-1和68.39 μg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为78.43 μg·（m²·h）^-1和66.19 μg·（m²·h）^-1,辣椒季沟N₂O的平均排放通量分别为19.82 μg·（m²·h）^-1和22.85 μg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为35.80 μg·（m²·h）^-1和40.00 μg·（m²·h）^-1,均无显著差异（P>0.05）,对比垄和沟,垄N₂O的排放量显著高于沟,N₂O主要由垄向大气排放.CH₄排放通量与地表及地下5 cm温度呈显著正相关,N₂O的排放通量仅与碱解氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关.