铜陵市河湖水系功能连通性评估

以铜陵市河湖水系为研究区,利用土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、降雨侵蚀力、地形等数据,分别计算了针对总氮、总磷通量的功能连通性指数,对比分析了不同流域及其河湖水系的连通性情况,并提出相应的水文连通调控措施.结果 表明:基于总氮的功能连通性指数的平均值在菜子湖、岱冲湖、连城湖、白荡湖、枫沙湖、陈瑶湖、顺安河和黄浒河分别为0.9...     

长江大通站溶解有机氮生物可利用性潜力及输入通量

根据2012~2013年度隔月对长江大通站的6次调查,分析了长江水体中溶解态总氮(TDN)的构成,包括溶解无机氮(DIN)及溶解有机氮(DON)中的尿素、自由态氨基酸(DFAA)、结合态氨基酸(DCAA)的构成和丰度,并评价了DON的生物利用性潜力,估算了不同形态氮的输入通量.结果表明,受稀释作用和悬浮颗粒物吸附影响,长江水体中DON浓度呈现出春冬季高、夏秋季低的变化特征,平均浓度为(33.28±21.35)μmol/L,占TDN比例平均为20.05%±13.53%;DON中组分尿素、DFAA和DCAA占DON的氮摩尔占比分别为21.94%±19.89%、0.84%±0.52%、3.68%±2.61%.其中,尿素浓度受季节性施肥灌溉影响,与径流量呈现出明显的正相关.总溶解态氨基酸(TDAA)占溶解有机碳(DOC)的碳摩尔分数和氨基酸降解指数均表明长江水体中DON具有较高的生物可利用性,且呈现出春夏季高、秋冬季低的变化趋势.DON的年输入通量为42.04万t,约占TDN年输入通量的17%.其中,具有高生物可利用性的尿素、DFAA、DCAA分别占DON年通量的15.50%、0.64%、2.80%.上述结果表明,长江输入的DON具有相当高的生物可利用性,对长江口及其邻近海域富营养化的贡献不可忽视.     

反渗透膜污染预测模型的改进

在反渗透非平衡热力学模型的基础上,从膜表面污染层阻力和浓差极化阻力的角度对常见的膜通量模型进行了探讨与改进,推导出了新的反渗透膜污染预测模型,为准确预测膜污染进程提供了理论支持。采用卷式反渗透膜装置对氢氧化铁胶体溶液进行处理,对模型计算值与实测值进行相关性分析,相关系数大于0.95。由此认为,改进的反渗透膜污染预测模型可用于计算运行过程中的膜通量。     

Seasonal Changes in Soil Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations in Two Upland Catchments and Associated Changes in River Water Chemistry

Seasonal changes in river water chemistry and in soil atmospheric CO₂ concentrations at two depths and drainage water solute composition at two upland peaty podzol sites in north east Scotland were monitored over 12 months. the CO₂ concentrations were controlled by changes in soil temperature and moisture status. Highest CO₂ concentrations were observed in late summer 1988 when both soil temperatures and the moisture status of the soils were high. Then maximum CO₂ concentrations of 4% (v/v) were recorded for one of the sites. No significant correlations between seasonal changes in soil CO₂ concentrations and river water solute composition were observed. Nevertheless the field results and laboratory experiments indicated that in upland areas, where soils with acid surface horizons are common, soil CO₂ substantially influences river water chemistry at baseflow, increasing the pH and cation concentration of the soil water draining into the river. the results suggest that transfer of carbon as dissolved CO₂ in drainage water is a significant pathway for CO₂ transfer to the atmosphere.     

Carbon Stocks and Projections on Public Forestlands in the United States, 1952–2040

Approximately 37% of forestlands in the conterminous United States are publicly owned; they represent a substantial area of potential carbon sequestration in US forests and in forest products. However, large areas of public forestlands traditionally have been less intensively inventoried than privately owned forests. Thus, less information is available about their role as carbon sinks. We present estimates of carbon budgets on public forestlands of the 48 conterminous states, along with a discussion of the assumptions necessary to make such estimates. The forest carbon budget simulation model, FORCARB2, makes estimates for US forests primarily based on inventory data. We discuss methods to develop consistent carbon budget estimates from inventory data at varying levels of detail. Total carbon stored on public forestlands in the conterminous US increased from 16.3 Gt in 1953 to the present total of 19.5 Gt, while area increased from 87.1 million hactares to 92.1 million hactares. At the same time the proportion of carbon on public forestlands relative to all forests increased from 35% to 37%. Projections for the next 40 years depend on scenarios of management influences on growth and harvest.This article was written and prepared by US Government employees on official time, and it is therefore in the public domain and not subject to copyright.     

POTENTIAL,ACTUAL, AND EQUILIBRIUM EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN A WHEAT FIELD 1

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the relationship between both potential (E*) and nonpotential evapotranspiration and equilibrium evapotranspiration (EQ) in an irrigated wheat field in southcentral Alberta, Canada. The control exercised by surface wetness and root reservoir moisture content in determining the value of the Priestley-Taylor constant a is explored. Also investigated is the relationship between a and the vapor flux fraction ET/(R-G) where ET is the actual evapotranspiration, R the net radiation, and G the soil heat flux. It is shown that evapotranspiration occurred at the potential rate (E*) when the available soil moisture (ASM) within the root zone was ≥3 percent. a varied from 0.84 for a dry soil to 1.49 for a saturated soil. The mean a for E* was 1.24. Surface wetness sustained evapotranspiration at the potential rate when such wetting exceeded 2mm d^?1 following a period of prolonged drawdown of soil moisture, α and ET/(R-G) were positively correlated and this correlation strengthened with increasing soil moisture for constant values of the energy partitioning factor s+γ/s where s is the slope of the saturation humidity-temperature curve and γ is the psychrometric constant. ET=EQ when ETI(R-G) lay within the range of 0.59 to 0.82 corresponding to Bowen ratio (β) values of 0.22 and 0.69, respectively.     

Investigating the Surface Energy Balance in Urban Areas – Recent Advances and Future Needs

Recent advances in understanding of the surface energy balance of urban areas, based on both experimental investigations andnumerical models, are reviewed. Particular attention is directedto the outcome of a COST-715 Expert Meeting held in April 2000,as well as experiments initiated by that action. In addition, recentcomplete parameterisations of urban effects in meso-scalemodels are reviewed. Given that neither the surface energybalance, nor its components, normally are directly measuredat meteorological stations, nor are there guidelines for theset-up of representative meteorological stations in urbanareas, this paper also provides recommendations to closethese gaps.     

分段控制江水污染治理系数的最优解

本文根据（环境科学概论）的水质基本方程，对江水分段水质管理提出数学模型，用线性规划和最优化方法提出控制江水污染的决策措施，我们可以根据这些数据有计划地提出治理方案，使江水水质符合国家标准，同时使资金投入最省。     

池火灾模型在安全评价中应用的研究

随着我国对燃油需求的不断增加,城市中出现了大量的燃油储灌。这些储罐一旦发生泄漏事故,很有可能引发火灾,给临近的工作人员和居民的生命财产安全造成严重的威胁。因此,要对这些储罐进行安全评价———根据储量和四周环境预测出池火灾面积的大小及伤害范围,以此为依据判断储灌的安全等级,从而对其进行有效的管理。将安全疏散的原理应用于危险源的安全评价当中,使之更加合理化、性能化。     

大清河小流域城郊型面源污染现状与对策研究

文章以昆明市主要排污河道之一的大清河入滇池的小流域为研究对象,针对小流域范围内城郊型面源污染状况,通过详细的问卷调查和实地采样分析,初步得出研究区污染物产生的来源、产生特点和发生量。结果表明:生活污水排放、地表径流产污、农田排水是该研究区氮、磷污染物排放的三大来源;其中,总氮排放量有54.7%来源于生活污水,25.9%来源于农田化肥流失;总磷排放量有61.5%来源于生活污水,24.8%来源于地表径流。滇池周边地区面源污染物来源和特征有别于滇池全流域的各污染类型比值,面源污水已成为城郊区面源污染物的主要来源,是控制之要点。因地制宜,就地处理城郊型的农村生活污水,科学平衡施肥,降低地表径流排污浓度,是城郊型滨湖带小流域面源污染治理成功的关键。