无实测资料河流环境容量核算中设计流量推求

水环境容量核算过程中,经常遇到小流域没有实测径流资料,或者有短期实测径流资料但又无法展延的情况,其设计流量只能通过间接途经来推求。文章以颖河流域为例,应用等值线图法、水文比拟法和径流系数法推算该流域的年径流量,相互验证和比较上述3种方法的推算结果,并将成果用于计算设计流量。结果表明,计算方法能满足水环境容量核算的精度要求。     

HgCl2对网箱养殖海域营养盐在沉积物——水界面上交换速率的影响

在滴加HgCl2的状况下,应用实验室培养法研究了大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养殖海域各营养盐(NO2-N、NO3-N、NH4-N、PO4-P、SiO3-Si)在沉积物-海水界面上的交换通量;并根据改进的连续函数法计算了各营养盐在沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率.结果表明,在滴加HgCl2后,上述营养盐在沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率均明显下降,其减小幅度分别达到31.91%、52.27%、44.06%、48.05%和43.10%.加入HgCl2后,沉积物中微生物的分解作用和小型底栖生物的扰动作用受到抑制,有机物质向无机营养盐的转化能力和营养盐由沉积物向水体中的扩散能力减弱,各营养盐在沉积物-水界面上交换速率随之减小.     

Safety parameters for oxygen-enriched flames

The utilization of low-quality gaseous fuel from biomass gasification and the abundance of oxygen-rich streams obtained as a by-product of nitrogen-air separation by membrane technology has incentivized the development of sustainable oxygen-enriched combustion technologies in the last decades. However, a dearth of experimental and numerical analysis addressing the reactivity and safety aspects of these mixtures at initial low temperatures can be observed in the current literature.In this work, the heat flux burner was adopted for the measurement of the laminar burning velocity of methane in oxygen enriched air at different equivalence ratios. Results were compared with numerical data obtained by means of detailed kinetic mechanisms developed at the University of Bologna and the Gas Research Institute (GriMech3.0). Simplified correlations for the estimation of the laminar burning velocity with respect to the oxygen content at any equivalence ratio were developed, tested and evaluated.An elemental reaction-based function was found appropriate for the estimation of the overall reactivity of the investigated mixtures. Besides, numerical analyses were performed to characterize the flame structures in terms of temperature and product distribution under several initial conditions. These results gave further insights into the reaction mechanisms of gaseous fuels in the case of oxygen-enriched air, highlighting potential bottlenecks for kinetic model refinements. Eventually, relevant safety parameters were estimated, in particular the flammability range of the fuel/oxidant mixture, in terms of lower and upper flammability limits.     

喀斯特城市湖库pCO2及CO2通量空间格局研究

为探索典型喀斯特城市湖库二氧化碳分压（pCO₂）及其交换通量（F）空间格局,以我国贵阳市阿哈湖水库（AHa）、松柏山水库（SBS）、百花湖（BHH）和红枫湖（HFH）为对象,探索了区域气象水文基础数据、碳酸盐平衡参数及环境因子,进而评估表层水体pCO₂及其F空间变化.结果表明,受原位新陈代谢和水文调节,AHa的pCO₂为（861.6±462.8）μatm,显著高于SBS （223.6±213.1）μatm、BHH （139.3±63.6）μatm和HFH （126.2±50.9）μatm （P<0.05）,且各湖库水-气界面二氧化碳（CO₂）交换速率（k值）在（2.05~3.82） cm/h范围内.AHa的F值为（6.23±9.59） mmol/（m²·d）,具有向大气排放CO₂的潜力;SBS、BHH和HFH的F值分别为（-5.86±5.25） mmol/（m²×d）、（-8.63±1.03） mmol/（m²·d）和（-7.58±1.10） mmol/（m²·d）,表现为大气CO₂汇.湖库表层水体pCO₂与环境因子叶绿素a （Chla）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）具有显著相关性（P<0.05）,说明喀斯特湖库碳酸盐耦合光合作用和人为输入极大影响了水体CO₂量级.     

Evidence of temperature-controlled dissolved inorganic nitrogen distribution in a shallow lake

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems as an available source of nitrogen (N). Despite recent advances in our understanding of the effects of climate change on DIN in coastal waters, shallow high-latitude lakes exposed to large seasonal temperature differences have received limited research attention. Therefore, in the present study, Baiyangdian Lake (BYDL) was selected as the study area, as a typical high latitude shallow lake in North China. Based on water and sediment samples collected in spring, summer and winter seasons, DIN accumulation in sedimentary pore water and DIN diffusion fluxes at the sediment-water interface were quantified under different temperature conditions. Correlation analysis was used to establish the effects of temperature on DIN concentration and diffusion in different media. Results show that the diffusion of DIN at the lake sediment-water interface exhibited a strongly positive relationship with temperature, suggesting that high temperature conditions lead to greater DIN release from sediments. Cold temperatures cause DIN accumulation in sedimentary pore water, providing sufficient substrate for N-related bacteria in the sediment under cold temperature conditions. Temperature controls the vertical distribution of DIN by affecting its migratory diffusion and transformation at the sediment-water interface. These findings are valuable for understanding the impact of climate change on the distribution of N in inland shallow lakes, especially in high latitude shallow lakes subjected to large seasonal temperature differences throughout the year.     

鄱阳湖平原直播稻CH4通量及其与CO2通量的综合温室效应

稻田是一个既排放CH₄又吸收CO₂的复杂生态系统,在全球水碳循环和碳收支中发挥着重要作用.利用涡度相关法得到2020年鄱阳湖平原双季直播稻田的CH₄和CO₂通量,定量揭示了稻田碳通量变化特征、累积量和2种温室气体的综合温室效应.结果表明,双季直播稻田为CH₄排放源,全生育期排放量为52.6 g·m^-2,日均排放0.208 g·(m²·d)^-1. CH₄通量具有明显的季节变化特征,强排放期(排放峰)集中在早稻生长中期和晚稻生长前期,早稻85.5%和晚稻92.1%的CH₄在强排放期被释放,日尺度峰值分别为0.638 g·(m²·d)^-1和1.282 g·(m²·d)^-1.CH₄通量日变化呈显著单峰型、不显著单峰型和无规律型,强排放期主要为单峰型,该型式下早稻季峰值0...     

稻田生态系统O3干沉积特性及其对气孔吸收的贡献

选择江苏省南京市南京信息工程大学永丰农业气象试验站水稻种植区站点,实时观测气象因子、O₃浓度、干沉积通量、沉积速率.基于课题组在本地修正过的水稻气孔导度模型量化O₃干沉积通量在气孔与非气孔通道的分配特征.结果表明：整个水稻观测期间,O₃干沉积速率与通量在夜间变化平缓,白天变化剧烈,均值分别为0.34cm/s与-0.0049μmol/（m²·s）,峰值则分别出现在08：30与12：30.此外,水稻生长季期间平均日累积O₃总通量、气孔通量与非气孔通量分别为0.40,0.14,0.26mmol/（m²·d）,其累积值分别为27.8,9.8,18.0mmol/m².平均O₃气孔通量和非气孔通量所占总O₃通量的比例分别为34.0%和66.0%,其中白天的比例分别为49.0%与51.0%.     

红枫水库水-气界面二氧化碳分压及扩散通量的时空变化

红枫水库是我国西南喀斯特地区典型的人工湖泊,具有特殊的水文地质特征。准确估算其CO_2排放通量,对了解该水库碳循环具有重要意义。因此,于2017年7月至2018年4月采用走航式监测对库区(南湖和北湖)水气界面二氧化碳分压(pCO_2)和水质参数的时空变化进行了调查。结果表明,红枫水库pCO_2的分布具有明显的时空差异。库区秋、冬季表层水体pCO_2均超过大气pCO_2,表现为CO_2的净排放;春、夏季则相反,表现为CO_2的净吸收。从空间分布上来看,春、秋季北湖pCO_2要明显高于南湖,特别是秋季更为明显。另外,基于高频的走航监测数据,计算得到红枫水库全年CO_2的排放均值约为613mmol/(m~2·d)。     

渤海沉积物中磷的分布与埋藏通量

对渤海27个站位的表层沉积物和25个站位的柱状沉积物中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)及有机磷(OP)的含量及其分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,渤海表层沉积物总磷含量的变化范围为10.83～20.27 μmol·g-1,IP是表层沉积物中磷的主要存在形式,平均占TP的81％,柱状沉积物中无机磷同样占绝对优势.沉积物中总磷与无机磷的垂直分布具有由较深层向浅层增加的趋势,有机磷含量也随着深度的增加而减小,一般是上部变化较大、下部变化较小.渤海沉积物中总磷及无机磷在黄河口及莱州湾附近海域含量最高,渤海西部也有较高含量,中部次之,东部及海峡沉积物中磷含量最低;沉积物中有机磷在渤海西北部、渤海湾及辽东湾口附近含量较高影响渤海沉积物中磷含量的主要因素有陆源输入与水动力条件渤海磷的埋藏通量和埋藏效率都具有明显的区域性,研究发现,磷的埋藏通量与沉积速率的相关性显著(r=0.897,p＜0.01),而磷的埋藏效率沿岸高,并向外海逐渐降低通过对比1998年与2008年渤海中南部的表层沉积物磷含量数据,发现2008年沉积物中总磷、有机磷含量高于1998年,说明随着社会经济的发展和人类活动的加剧,渤海水体富营养化程度愈加严重.     

两性离子在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜表面接枝改性的研究

为增强膜的亲水性,提高抗污染能力,采用原子转移自由基反应(ATRP),将甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)接枝到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜表面;再以硝酸铈铵(CAN)为引发剂,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)为交联剂,通过自由基聚合反应将两性离子单体3-(甲基丙烯酰胺基)丙基-二甲基(3-硫代丙基)氢氧化铵内盐(MPDSAH)成功接枝到膜表面.采用全反射红外光谱仪(ATR-FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及接触角测定仪分析了改性前后膜表面性质及结构形态变化.随接枝时间的增加,接枝密度(GD)逐渐升高,膜孔径变小,孔隙率降低,但同时膜表面亲水性明显增强.通过牛血清蛋白(BSA)吸附及过滤实验,检验PVDF膜改性前后的抗污染性能.随着GD的增加,在高浓度BSA溶液中膜表面吸附量明显减少.当GD为288.340μg·cm-2时,膜表面接触角(CA)降低最多,由原膜的77.2°降至41.7°,且在5 s内降为0,通量恢复率高达94.961%.因此,最佳接枝时间为2 h,此时接枝密度288.340μg·cm-2则是最佳接枝密度.