An improved GC-ECD method for measuring atmospheric N2O

Gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) has been widely used for measuring atmospheric N2O,but nonlinear response and the influence of atmospheric CO2 have been recognized as defects for quantification.An original GCECD method using N 2 as carrier gas was improved by introducing a small flow rate of CO2 makeup gas into the ECD,which could well remedy the above defects.The N2O signal of the improved method was 4-fold higher than that of the original method and the relative standard deviation was reduced from > 1% to 0.31%.N2O concentrations with different CO2 concentrations (172.2×10-6-1722×10-6mol/mol) measured by the improved GC-ECD method were in line with the actual N2O concentrations.However,the N2O concentrations detected by the original method were largely biased with a variation range of-4.5%～7%.The N2O fluxes between an agricultural field and the atmosphere measured by the original method were greatly overestimated in comparison with those measured by the improved method.Good linear correlation (R2=0.9996) between the response of the improved ECD and N2O concentrations (93×10-9-1966×10-9mol/mol) indicated that atmospheric N2O could be accurately quantified via a single standard gas.Atmospheric N2O concentrations comparatively measured by the improved method and a high precision GC-ECD method were in good agreement.     

土壤湿度和浇水对紫色土土/气界面汞释放通量的影响

以重庆市的主要耕作土壤——紫色土为研究对象,用动力通量箱与RA-915＋汞分析仪联用技术,通过室内模拟实验研究土壤湿度和浇水对紫色土土/气界面汞交换通量的影响.结果表明,加入外源硝酸汞的土壤汞交换通量大于加入硝酸亚汞的土壤汞交换通量,对照土壤的汞释放通量最小.随着土壤含水量的增加,土/气界面汞交换通量有增加的趋势,在土...     

水/气界面间汞交换通量的研究进展展

本文综述了近年来国内外大量文献,对有关水体和大气中汞的存在形态、特性及水/气间汞交换通量的影响因素进行了总结,描述了目前国内外相关领域的研究现状,并对该领域下一步的研究方向进行了探讨.     

1999-2008年湖南省暴雨特征分析

分析了1999-2008年湖南省暴雨的时空特征,并从地形和低空气流、水汽条件等方面分析了该省暴雨时空分异的原因。分析结果表明:(1)春季和夏季暴雨总日数较多;春季,湖南东部的西北、中部和西南部暴雨日数较多,且东部比西部暴雨总日数多;夏季西北和东南暴雨日数较多;秋季,东部暴雨总日数比西部多;冬季,暴雨分布在岳阳-益阳、株洲北部-衡阳北部-永州北部-邵阳南部这两条西南-东部走向的带状区域。(2)春季,湖南北部和西部日暴雨降水较多;夏季,湖南山区日暴雨降水较多,日暴雨降水从东南至西北呈多-少-多的带状分布。秋季,在临湘-平江-长沙县、长沙市域、望城-湘潭-衡山-衡阳市域-祁东-祁阳、永州市、双牌-蓝山、临武、嘉禾这一带状区域暴雨日平均降水较多;冬季,株洲北部-衡阳北部-永州北部邵阳南部一带的平均日暴雨降水较多。(3)冷暖气流交汇、山地对暖湿气流阻挡以及山地有利于湖南平原地区暖气团维持是该省暴雨时空分布一个重要原因。(4)春季和夏季水汽条件相对秋季和冬季充足,导致春季、夏季暴雨比秋季和冬季暴雨要多。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in soils of an industrialized city in Turkey

Surface soil (0-5 cm) samples from 43 sampling sites covering the entire urban territory of Bursa, an industrialized city in Turkey, were collected in each season and analyzed for 83 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The mean concentration of total PCBs (Σ83 PCBs) among all sites over the four seasons was 2121.51 pg/g dry weight (dw), with a range of 207.61-5461.95 pg/g dw. Total PCB concentrations in the soil samples collected near an industrial region were the highest in all seasons. In general, PCB patterns were dominated by low-chlorinated homologue groups (≤ 5 Cl groups at a 79% level). The predominant homologue group found in Bursa city soils was the penta-CBs (29.1%) followed by the tetra-CBs (25.5%) and tri-CBs (17.6%). A total of seven dioxin-like PCB congeners (CB-77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, and 126) were found in every sampling location and their mean total concentration for all locations and seasons was 259.27 pg/g dw, with a range of 7.02-1581.13 pg/g dw. A significant relationship (r = 0.77, p < 0.01) was found between the concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs and the seasonal average sum of PCB concentrations. A correlation between light congeners (相似文献   

城市生态系统-大气间的碳通量研究进展

城市生态系统对全球碳收支具有显著的贡献,城市化进程促进城市向大气排放碳。随着观测手段和仪器的发展,涡动相关法已成为陆地生态系统碳通量观测的主要手段,并广泛应用于中心城市碳通量观测;城市CO2浓度和通量变化具有日、周、季节变化特征,不同城市之间CO2浓度和通量也有很大差异,其主要原因是由于城市生态系统的下垫面类型不均一,土壤、植被、路面、交通、人呼吸等对碳通量都有贡献,绿地（树木、草坪）对燃料燃烧、人呼吸等的碳排放起着一定的抵消作用;由于多种因素对碳通量起作用,在对城市通量数据进行分析时必须开展贡献区即碳足迹分析。本文综述了城市生态系统-大气间碳通量研究的历程;分析了城市生态系统碳通量的时空变化特征及其主要控制因子;探讨了复杂下垫面条件下城市生态系统-大气间碳通量研究的特点和难点,并提出了未来研究的重点。     

珠江三角洲四种森林类型土壤CO2通量特征研究

采用开路式土壤CO2通量测量系统Li-8100&Li-8150对珠江三角洲地区尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)人工林、乡土树种恢复林、针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林4种林型的土壤CO2通量进行了观测。结果表明:4种森林类型年均土壤CO2通量为尾叶桉人工林(3.35μmol.m-2.s-1)>针阔叶混交林(2.66μmol.m-2.s-1)>乡土树种恢复林(2.09μmol.m-2.s-1)>常绿阔叶林(1.86μmol.m-2.s-1);旱季土壤CO2通量明显小于雨季。前3种森林类型凋落物呼吸处理表明,旱季对照组土壤CO2通量均小于相应的去除凋落物组、雨季则相反,全年的对比结果显示,3种森林类型的凋落物呼吸贡献分别达到1.3%、7.1%和10.8%。土壤CO2通量与10 cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关,且土壤CO2通量温度敏感指数表现为针阔叶混交林Q10最大(3.49),尾叶桉人工林Q10最小(1.95)。     

黄水溪砷环境地球化学迁移行为及其细菌群落分析

湖南石门雄黄矿区As（砷）污染问题由来已久,黄水溪更是长期受矿区影响.为进一步指导对矿区As污染的综合治理,通过分析河流As质量浓度及其通量、沉积物ATR-FTIR（衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱）及其溶解释放As的能力、沉积物细菌群落多样性,对黄水溪石门雄黄矿河段中As的地球化学迁移行为及其河流沉积物的生态风险进行了调查.结果表明:①石门雄黄矿区河段水系中ρ（As_T）为0.28~10.43 mg/L,并且主要以As（Ⅴ）形式存在,少量为As（Ⅲ）.②As年通量在该河段区域增加约5.71 t.③ATR-FTIR分析沉积物显示,463、875和910 cm-1处吸收带来自AsO₄3-（砷酸根）的振动,775和796 cm-1处吸收带来自AsO₃3-（亚砷酸根）的振动,表明该沉积物中存在含As矿物.④在沉积物溶解试验中同时释放As（Ⅴ）和As（Ⅲ）,振荡6 h后ρ[As（Ⅴ）]和ρ[As（Ⅲ）]分别达0.014~0.550和0.002~0.291 mg/L.⑤沉积物的细菌群落多样性分析显示,黄水溪As污染已对水生生态系统造成了一定的影响,表现为ρ（As_T）较高水环境影响下,沉积物细菌群落丰富度和多样性减少,同时出现未鉴别属;变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）是黄水溪沉积物中的优势菌群.研究显示,黄水溪中As主要迁移途径可能为,在废弃选矿区域段含As尾矿颗粒进入河道,之后溶解进入水环境,在下游河段又再次被吸附/沉淀,并且吸附的As并不稳定,易再次释放.      

Diffusion test of 20 kinds of waste molten slags and competitive materials

“Waste molten slag” is a glass-like material produced by the vitrification of solid waste or solid waste incineration residue. When using slags of this kind in a natural environment, their impact is anticipated to be at the same level as competitive or substituted materials. In this study, we made comparative evaluations between waste molten slags and competitive materials, using 20 samples in total. It was proved that release fluxes of metals from molten slags of municipal solid waste were almost at the same level as competitive or substituted materials. However, a larger impact will be caused from some types of slag that contain harmful metals in high concentrations, such as the slag from shredded automobile residues. The results of release flux showed that nearly 80% of the slope of the flux did not fit with the diffusion range. However, the linearity of every flux was extremely high, regardless of the slope.     

不同植被下森林地表系统水相硫的分布与迁移

为了阐明酸雨对森林生态系统水相硫动态分布的影响,在1997~1999年以庐山植物园的针叶林和阔叶林为研究对象,对降雨、透冠水、干流水、渗漏水、径流水及硫通量进行了监测分析。结果表明,降水中SO2-4含量最高值出现在冬季,最低值在夏季;针叶林和阔叶林的透冠水、干流水和渗漏水中的SO2-4含量均高于降水,且透冠水和干流水均表现为春夏季较低、秋冬季较高,径流水变化与之相反;渗漏水针叶林冬季最高,阔叶林春季最高,其他三个季节差异不大;森林生态系统水相硫年际变化呈递增趋势,即1997年1998年1999年,1999年SO2-4浓度与1998和1997年之间差异达显著或极显著水平,而1997年和1998年差异不显著;针叶林的透冠水、干流水、渗漏水中的SO2-4含量均比阔叶林高,而径流水则比阔叶林低,其pH值变化与之相反。针叶林和阔叶林都能够较好的吸收大气沉降中的S,其固定量均高于降水中S的通量,故庐山森林生态系统目前仍是大气S沉降的汇,对酸沉降仍有缓冲作用,但针叶林由于高输入低输出,因此对S的固定能力更强。