两种沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中可溶性无机氮的影响

在实验室模拟研究沉水植物金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis L.)对上覆水、间隙水中可溶性无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)的浓度、赋存形态及DIN扩散通量的影响.结果表明,金鱼藻和苦草对上覆水中DIN的去除效果均强于间隙水,对各形态DIN的去除差异:NO-2-N>NH+4-N>NO-3-N;金鱼藻对上覆水中DIN的去除效果明显强于苦草,但对间隙水中DIN的去除效果弱于苦草;金鱼藻和苦草减少了NH+4-N和NO-2-N的扩散通量,显著增加了NO-3-N的扩散通量,使NO-3-N取代NH+4-N成为间隙水向上覆水中扩散DIN的主要形态,但对NO-3-N和NH+4-N扩散通量的影响,金鱼藻和苦草之间差异不显著;金鱼藻和苦草增加了上覆水和间隙水中3种形态DIN含量比例的变化幅度,金鱼藻对上覆水中DIN含量比例影响强于苦草,对间隙水中DIN含量比例的影响弱于苦草.总体来讲,金鱼藻对上覆水中DIN形态影响较大,苦草对间隙水中DIN形态影响较大,两者对DIN扩散通量的影响差别不显著.     

济南市土壤酸沉降承压度研究

将承载力理论应用到酸沉降研究中,建立了土壤酸沉降承载力评价方法,并对济南市进行了实证分析.在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,以遥感数据为数据源,在确定土壤外界压力及内部缓冲能力的基础上,计算了土壤酸沉降承压度.以承压度作为评价指标对济南市土壤酸沉降承载状况进行了评价.将承压度大于1定义为超载,结果表明,2005-2010年济南市S沉降超载区域大多分布在南部部分植被区域及北部部分耕地区域,超载的主要土壤类型为潮土;N沉降超载区域主要分布在南部部分植被区域,各主要土壤类型N沉降承压度平均值均小于1.评价方法借助于遥感数据,能够满足区域土壤酸沉降承载力评价空间和时间尺度上的需求,是对土壤酸沉降常规研究方法的补充.     

重庆南山表层岩溶泉与地下河三氮运移及氮通量估算

岩溶区特殊的地质构造使地下水系统存在多重水流.为研究三氮在表层岩溶带水流和地下河水流中的特征和运移方式,选取城市化进程中的重庆南山老龙洞地下河流域表层岩溶泉和地下河按月采样,分析水化学特征,结合SPSS的相关性分析,认为两种水流三氮特征差异很大.表层岩溶泉三氮质量浓度月变化小,受降水、污水影响较小,NO_3~--NNH_4~+-N;地下河水三氮质量浓度月变化大,受降水、污水影响较大,旱季NH_4~+-NNO_3~--N,雨季NO_3~--NNH_4~+-N.表层岩溶泉DIN主要来源于与农业活动有关的非点源污染,在土壤、表层岩溶带中经氨化、吸附、硝化作用等过程以扩散流形式运移至出露地表.地下河DIN随管道流、扩散流运移,并以管道流为主.DIN全年有点源的工业、生活污染物经落水洞、裂隙、溶隙进入.雨季同时存在占更大比例的非点源污染物,或由降雨产生的表面坡流、壤中流、表层岩溶带水流经落水洞进入,或经深裂隙、溶隙下渗进入,硝化作用明显.流域DIN输出通量为56.05 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),其中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N分别占46.03%、52.51%;根据径流分割法估算出点源污染、非点源污染的贡献率分别为25.08%、74.92%.     

香溪河沉积物、间隙水的磷分布特征及释放通量估算

采集香溪河沿程5个样点不同季节、不同深度的沉积物,用Hedley分级方法分析磷形态及垂向变化特征,同时研究上覆水和间隙水理化性质对沉积物中磷释放的影响.香溪河上覆水及间隙水pH值范围为4.72~8.55,夏季呈弱酸性,秋季、冬季及次年春季pH值呈弱碱性;沉积物处于较强还原性环境;上覆水及间隙水总磷质量浓度(TP)年变化范围为0.02~0.48mg·L~(-1),沉积物TP含量为0.48~1.45 g·kg~(-1);沉积物中磷形态的含量为HCl-P(HCl提取态)Res-P(残余磷)NaOH-P(NaOH提取态磷)NaHCO_3-P(NaHCO_3提取态磷)H_2O-P(水提取态磷).沉积物-上覆水体交界面还原性环境有利于沉积物中磷向上覆水中释放;春季水体的弱碱性、夏季的弱酸性有利于沉积物向上覆水释磷,从而增加了上覆水体富营养化的风险;间隙水TP与沉积物TP含量密切相关;5个样点中有4个样点的PO_4~(3-)-P由间隙水向上覆水扩散,释放通量为0.01~0.04mg·(m~2·d)~(-1).沉积物是底层水体营养盐的重要来源.     

电子辐照下聚酰亚胺材料表面充电特性研究

目的研究多因素条件下航天用典型介质材料聚酰亚胺表面充电特性。方法利用空间介质材料表面带电地面模拟实验系统,以电子枪辐照材料模拟空间带电环境中航天器材料表面带电过程,以航天器上常用的介质材料聚酰亚胺为研究对象,研究不同电子能量、不同束流密度和不同厚度下聚酰亚胺表面充电特性。结果聚酰亚胺表面电位随着电子能量、束流密度和厚度的增大而增大,电子能量越高,束流密度越大,聚酰亚胺表面充电平衡时间越短。结论航天器介质材料表面带电程度与空间带电环境的电子能量、束流密度和介质材料本身结构紧密相连,研究多因素作用下航天用典型介质材料表面充电特性,将为航天器带电防护设计提供数据支持。     

Sediment nutrient flux in a coastal lake impacted by diverted Mississippi River water

The internal nutrient load from bottom sediment to the water column of a Louisiana Barataria Basin lake (Lake Cataouatche) receiving diverted Mississippi River water was determined. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), ammonium (NH₄-N) and nitrate (NO₃-N) flux from sediment to water column were measured. The DRP flux averaged-0.22 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic water column conditions, as compared with that 3.29 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions. The average NH₄-N released under anaerobic conditions (1.42 mg m^-2 d^-1) was significantly greater than rates under aerobic conditions (-0.02 mg m^-2 d^-1), indicating a strong relationship between nutrient flux and oxygen availability in the water column. The average NO₃-N flux was 2.13 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic conditions as compared with-0.24 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions in the sediment-water column. When the water column maintained under anaerobic conditions was switched to aerobic conditions, the DRP, NH₄-N, and NO₃-N concentrations in overlying water decreased rapidly over a short period of time. The mean annual internal DRP and NH₄-N load from the sediment to the overlying water was estimated to be 69.26 and 29.9 tonnes (Mg) yr^-1 respectively, which represents a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the Lake. Results demonstrate that the internal flux of nutrients from sediments can contribute a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the water column and should be considered in decisions on impact of nutrient in diverted Mississippi River on water quality of Barataria Basin.     

A mathematical model to estimate errors associated with closed flux chambers

Errors associated with the closed flux chamber technique, used to measure surface emissions from landfills, were investigated by using a combination of numerical modeling and laboratory studies. A transient-state, advective–dispersive–reactive model was developed and used in conjunction with its steady-state version to quantify the errors associated with closed flux chambers. In developing the model, all four major gases, CH₄, O₂, CO₂, and N₂, and the oxidation of CH₄ to CO₂ were considered. Laboratory experiments were conducted on a monolayered as well as a two-layered landfill cover system to calibrate and verify the model. The model was used to develop a plot of the percentage errors associated with closed flux chambers of different dimensions and surface flux rates.     

消化/剩余污泥水分扩散通量的研究

在传递理论的基础上,研究了干燥温度、污泥厚度及其种类3个主要因素对污泥水分扩散的影响,干燥温度设为30℃、40℃和50℃,污泥厚度设为1.3 cm、2.6 cm和3.9 cm,分别考察了消化和剩余两种污泥的干燥性能。利用实验数据获得两种污泥的有效质扩散系数,采用因次分析法建立了它们的水分扩散通量的准则关系式,通过实验研究两种污泥的水分扩散通量随干基含湿量的变化规律,并获得了两种污泥的水分扩散通量的经验公式。实验结果显示3.9 cm厚的消化污泥在40℃条件下的干燥效果最好。     

流速仪法测定废水流量有关问题的探讨

对流速仪法的测量要求、点位选择、测速垂线的布设及影响因素、如何消除测量中由于人为因素造成的系统误差、提高测量结果的准确度等问题进行了分析探讨。