MBR的临界膜通量及其影响研究

采用通量阶梯式递增法测定了MBR的临界膜通量,研究了膜面气液两相流流速对临界膜通量影响,并考察次临界膜通量下MBR处理垃圾渗滤液的运行特性。试验结果表明,膜面气液两相流流速对临界膜通量影响较大,膜面气液两相流流速由0.9 m/s增至1.8 m/s,临界膜通量由12～14 L/(m2·h)增加至16～18 L/(m2·h),两者呈显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.997。次临界膜通量下运行时,膜污染包括不可逆污染和可逆污染2个阶段：不可逆污染阶段以凝胶层污染为主,占总量的72%,而可逆污染阶段以滤饼层形成的阻力为主,占总阻力的68.5%。     

秋季羰基硫在植物与大气间的交换

利用静态箱法研究了秋季羰基硫(COS)在六种北京常见树种与大气间的交换．结果表明：法国梧桐、槐树、龙爪槐、玉兰、柳树对COS有吸收,油松没有吸收,树木与大气间COS的交换通量受树种、环境温度、光照、COS初始浓度等因素的影响．一般来说．温度高、光照强时,以上树种与大气间COS的交换强;空气中COS初始浓度高时,植物对COS的吸收通量高,植物对COS的吸收达到饱和较植物对CO2的吸收以及异戊二烯的排放持续时间长．     

南京近地层单点气象要素与大气细菌浓度分布规律调查研究

为了分析南京某地的气象要素和当地大气细菌浓度的分布及变化规律，探讨二之间的关系，本利用气象观测仪器和大气细菌采样仪器进行现场观测与测量，在大量气象观测数据和大气细菌采样结果基础上，分析了他们的变化规律。总体来看，南京大气细菌浓度不高，1天内气象要素及细菌浓度均呈周期变化，且二有一定的相关性。     

1950年以来BHC在杭州环境中积累、迁移与残留动态的模拟研究

根据区域环境背景值、BHC施用量及其物化性质参数,以逸度模型为工具,建立了描述BHC在杭州多介质环境中迁移转化的动态模型．通过模拟结果了解各时期BHC在气、水、土壤、沉积物、鱼、植物叶和根等10种环境介质中的积累、迁移和残留情况,并考虑了环境介质物理性质差异、温度对BHC热力学参数的影响,及对其环境行为和归宿的影响．模型模拟了自1952年BHC在研究区域大量施用以来,在环境中逐渐累积并达到稳定,因BHC禁用又逐渐消失的过程中,BHC在各环境介质中的分布、浓度及其在毗邻介质间迁移通量的动态变化．对模拟结果与实测BHC浓度的验证表明二吻合较好．虽然杭州地区有机氯农药用量远高于其它地区,但由于该区温度较高有利于BHC的降解和挥发,目前BHC的浓度和残留量均低于北方地区．该研究的成果可用于有机污染物暴露风险评价,还可为预测其它有机污染物的归宿提供基础数据和模型框架．     

Minimizing N_20 fluxes from full-scale municipal solid waste landfill with properly selected cover soil

Municipal solid waste landfills emit nitrous oxide(N_2O)gas.Assuming that the soil cover is the primary N_2O source from landfills, this study tested,during a four-year project,the hypothesis that the proper use of chosen soils with fine texture minimizes N_2O emissions.A full-scale sanitary landfill,a full-scale bioreactor landfill and a cell planted with Nerium indicum or Festuca arundinacea Schreb,at the Hangzhou Tianziling landfill in Hangzhou City were the test sites.The N_2O emission rates from all test sites were considerably lower than those reported in the published reports.Specifically,the N_2O emission rate was dependent on soil water content and nitrate concentrations in the cover soil.The effects of leachate recirculation and irrigation were minimal.Properly chosen cover soils applied to the landfills reduced N_2O flux.     

Comparison of seasonal variations of ozone exposure and fluxes in a Mediterranean Holm oak forest between the exceptionally dry 2003 and the following year

Ozone and energy fluxes have been measured using the eddy covariance technique, from June to December 2004 in Castelporziano near Rome (Italy), and compared to similar measurements made in the previous year. The studied ecosystem consisted in a typical Mediterranean Holm oak forest. Stomatal fluxes have been calculated using the resistance analogy and by inverting the Penmann-Monteith equation. Results showed that the average stomatal contribution accounts for 42.6% of the total fluxes. Non-stomatal deposition proved to be enhanced by increasing leaf wetness and air humidity during the autumnal months. From a comparison of the two years, it can be inferred that water supply is the most important limiting factor for ozone uptake and that prolonged droughts alter significantly the stomatal conductance, even 2 months after the soil water content is replenished. Ozone exposure, expressed as AOT40, behaves similarly to the cumulated stomatal flux in dry conditions whereas a different behaviour for the two indices appears in wet autumnal conditions. A difference also occurs between the two years.     

Brassinosteroid alleviates phenanthrene and pyrene phytotoxicity by increasing detoxification activity and photosynthesis in tomato

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (BR) on growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of tomato seedlings grown under different levels (0, 10, 30, 100 and 300 μM) of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) in hydroponics. A concentration-dependent decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PSII (Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) has been observed following PHE and PYR exposure. By contrast, non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) was increased. PHE was found to induce higher stress than PYR. However, foliar or root application of BR (50 nM and 5 nM, respectively) alleviated all those depressions with a sharp improvement in the activity of photosynthetic machinery. The activities of guaicol peroxidase (GPOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in a dose-dependent manner under PHE or PYR treatments. Compared with control the highest increments of GPOD, CAT, APX, GR and MDA by PHE/PYR alone treatments were observed following 300 μM concentration, which were 67%, 87%, 53%, 95% and 74% by PHE and 42%, 53%, 30%, 86% and 62% by PYR, respectively. In addition, both reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were induced by PHE or PYR. Interestingly, BR application in either form further increased enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants in tomato roots treated with PHE or PYR. Our results suggest that BR has an anti-stress effect on tomato seedlings contaminated with PHE or PYR and this effect is mainly attributed by increased detoxification activity.     

城镇河流CO2及CH4排放与市政排水管网污水输入的关联影响

城镇污染河流日益剧增的碳排放是当前我国许多城市共同面临的环境问题.本研究以上海市市郊城镇河网R1与中心城区河流R2为研究对象,监测了其在旱天与雨天条件下的CO_2及CH_4排放特征,分析了城镇河流污染程度及类型与碳排放的关联影响,并同时解释了市政排水管网污水输入影响城镇河流CO_2及CH_4排放的机制过程.结果表明:①旱天时,中心城区河流的CO_2与CH_4平均排放通量为(2.48±1.02)mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)与(1.21×10~(-2)±0.71×10~(-2)) mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1),市郊城镇河网的CO_2与CH_4的平均排放通量则为(1.53±0.39)mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)与(9.26×10~(-3)±9.18×10~(-3)) mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1).雨天时,受市政排水管网污水影响,中心城区河流泵站下游的水体的CH_4通量大幅增加,可达旱天时的119倍;②本研究与全球其他河流碳排放统计数据进一步表明,城镇河流碳排放与本身污染水平存在关联性,总体上污染程度高的河流碳排放强度也高;③从PCA相关性分析结果来看,河流有机污染是影响碳排放的重要因素,这在中心城区河流与市郊城镇河网中都有体现;河流碳排放与氮污染的相关性随区域下垫面利用类型不同而有所不同;在污染较轻的城镇河流中,水体物理因子也是一个重要的影响因素;④排水管网污水输入对城镇河流碳排放的影响,体现在短期内向河流中输入的大量CH_4,以及长期上强化受纳河流碳物质赋存及循环,并进一步提高河流本身的CO_2与CH_4排放潜势.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地植物根系对水分垂向通量的影响

为了定量揭示湿地植物根系的水文效应,采用全物理机制的土壤水分运移数值模型,以鄱阳湖吴城湿地国家自然保护区的茵陈篙群落为例,模拟分析根系引起的水文效应.结果表明,根系将增加土壤饱和含水量与土壤进气值,显著改变土壤水分特征曲线（SWRC）与土壤蓄水能力;在考虑根系影响SWRC下模拟率定的土壤含水量与观测数据的时空变化一致：模型10和50cm观测值与拟合值相关系数由不考虑根系效应下的0.83提高至0.85,10和50cm深度土壤含水量的实测值与模拟值的均方根误差分别减少61%和83%.同时这种率定方法下的模拟相比以往的研究地下水补给根系层水量提高34%;考虑典型的根系效应蒸散发量和累积地下水边界向上通量分别增加10%和150%.而在气候极端干旱条件下地下水向上补给量在根系效应下增加7%~56%,累计差异可达38~312cm,同时蒸散发量增加13%.在植被生长旺季时若地下水埋深较深,则根系效应对蒸散发量的影响会放大.因此在进行相关的湿地生态水文过程和湿地水与物质平衡研究中,建议充分评估湿地植物根系的水文效应,并视计算的工况条件,考虑其水文效应在整个水文过程中的影响.     

中国沉积物中有机氯农药滴滴涕和六六六的分布特征

通过研究过去国内常用的两种有机氯农药滴滴涕（DDTs）和六六六（HCHs）在沉积物岩芯中的相关文献,总结和分析其在中国各地的历史沉积情况.结果表明：（1）∑₄DDTs（p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE）浓度在安徽巢湖北岸六岔河流域最高,在1965年达到最大值（457ng/g dw）,∑₆DDTs（p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDE）浓度在广东省海陵湾最高,在2008~2010年达到最大值（3480ng/g dw）,∑₄HCHs（α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH,δ-HCH）浓度在澳门河口最高,在1993年达到最大值（82.3ng/g dw）;（2）∑₄DDTs和∑₄HCHs沉降通量在珠江三角洲最高,二十世纪七八十年代达到最大值,分别为115ng/（cm²×a）和32.5ng/（cm²×a）,总体来说,DDTs和HCHs在中国沉积物岩芯中的浓度和沉降通量在南部地区要高于北部地区,平原地区和低纬度地区高于高寒地区（青藏高原）和高纬度地区（东北地区）,水产养殖区或种植区高于非养殖区和非种植区;（3）从全国范围看,∑₄DDTs和∑₆DDTs浓度和沉降通量主要在20世纪70年代和21世纪中期出现峰值,少数研究区域峰值年份早在20世纪60年代,∑₄HCHs浓度和沉降通量峰值主要出现在20世纪70年代和21世纪初,少数研究区域峰值年份早在20世纪60年代;（4）从全国范围看,（DDD+DDE）/DDT比值没有可循的变化规律,DDTs可能来源于历史沉积、成岩作用以及外源土壤、三氯杀螨醇的使用等新输入,而很多地区在20世纪后期到21世纪中期均出现α-HCH/γ-HCH降低到小于3,表明这段时期HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用.