基于膳食营养需求的西藏县域土地资源承载力评价

“食物营养安全”是“食物安全”的重要组成,而当前单纯以“粮食”作为土地资源承载力的评价指标只能反映部分承载能力,从膳食营养角度评估更切合其实际土地资源承载状况。以供给与需求的动态平衡为基本思路,选取热量和蛋白质为关键参量构建土地资源承载力（LCC）测算与土地资源承载指数（LCCI）评价模型,对2015年西藏自治区县域土地资源承载力与土地资源承载状况进行定量评价,以期为实现西藏地区居民热量与蛋白质供需平衡对策提供科学依据,同时也为该区域居民营养需求的变化、机理及对策研究奠定基础。结果表明：（1）西藏县域尺度下土地资源承载力总体呈盈余状态,位于西藏东南部的“一江两河”流域县域土地资源承载力高,而位于西北部的那曲和阿里等地区县域土地资源承载力相对较低。（2）根据以当前热量和蛋白质实际消耗量为依据对土地承载力的评价结果,农区县、半农半牧区县和牧区县基于蛋白质需求的土地承载力比基于热量需求的承载力分别多8.83%、22.51%和67.78%,其中有13个牧区县和半农半牧区县以热量指标判断为超载状态,但以蛋白质指标判断却未超载,其原因在于牧区县和农牧区县动物性食物供给比例高,食物蛋白质供给能力相较热量供给能力更强。（3）若按照居民膳食宝塔推荐的人均热量和蛋白质摄入量标准,农区县、半农半牧区县和牧区县基于热量和蛋白质需求的土地资源承载力较实际营养摄入量下的承载力可分别多承载35.22%和12.5%的人口。评估结果体现了实际消耗和膳食标准情景下以及不同营养指标之间各县域承载力及承载状态的差异,可为通过调整人口结构、膳食结构等措施寻求提升区域人粮平衡水平和居民膳食营养水平对策提供依据。     

水口电站对闽江河口咸潮入侵的影响

河流上大型电站的建设，在一定程度上会改变下游河道的径流特征，径流、潮流强度组合的变化，将影响咸潮的入侵，文章从水口电站前后闽江下游径流量变化入手，分析了水口电站对闽江河口咸潮入侵的影响。结果表明：（１）水口电站具有一定的季调节能力，有利于增大闽江河口咸潮入侵；（２）电站调峰不会加剧咸潮入侵的不利影响；（３）若电站关闸蓄水，则会加剧河口咸潮入侵。最后，提出了防止和减轻咸潮影响的对策措施。     

SALMONID SMOLT SURVIVAL RELATIVE TO TURBINE EFFICIENCY AND ENTRAINMENT DEPTH IN HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION1

ABSTRACT: The hypotheses that fish survival probabilities may be lower (1) at less than peak operating turbine efficiency; (2) at deeper entrainment depth; and (3) with the deployment of extended‐length intake guidance screens, are not supported by results on yearling chinook salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at Lower Granite Dam, Snake River, Washington. Estimated 96 h survival probabilities for the six test conditions ranged from 0.937 to 0.972, with the highest survival at turbine operating towards the lower end of its efficiency. A blanket recommendation to operate all Kaplan type turbines within ± 1 percent of their peak efficiency appears too restrictive. Cavitation mode survival (0.946) was comparable to that at peak operating efficiency mode (0.937), as was the survival between upper (0.947) and mid depths (0.937). Survival differed only slightly among three turbine intake bays at the same depth (0.937 to 0.954), most likely due to differential flow distribution. Extended‐length intake fish guidance screens did not reduce survival. However, the sources of injury somewhat differed with depth; probable pressure and shear‐related injuries were common on fish entrained at mid‐depth, and mechanically‐induced injuries were common at upper depth. Operating conditions that reduce turbulence within the turbine environment may enhance fish survival; however, controlled experiments that integrate turbine flow physics and geometry and the path entrained fish traverse are needed to develop specific guidance to further enhance fish passage survival.     

校园学生群体食物汞暴露现状及风险评价——以天津大学为例

通过测定校园学生主要食物中(包括主食、鱼类、肉类、蔬菜等)总汞和甲基汞浓度,同时采集志愿者头发作为生物指示物,结合外暴露和内暴露数据系统评估学生群体的汞暴露风险.校园食堂食物总汞浓度范围为0.57~207.50ng/g(以湿重计),甲基汞浓度范围为0.06~49.20ng/g(以湿重计),与已有研究相比处于较低水平.不同食物中汞浓度水平存在显著差异,如水产品中总汞和甲基汞浓度均比其他食物要高.所调查人发中总汞浓度为0.03~0.77 μg/g,甲基汞浓度为0.02~0.67 μg/g,男性发汞浓度要显著高于女性.人体汞浓度与个人饮食习惯存在一定联系,水产品食用频次较高的人群中发汞浓度也相对较高.男性学生总汞摄入量约为9200ng/d,女性约为7500ng/d.总汞摄入主要通过主食摄入,而甲基汞则主要通过水产品摄入.根据现行人群汞摄入风险评价标准,本研究中校园人群汞暴露风险较低,但水产品食用频次增加仍可能造成大量的汞摄入.     

多溴联苯醚在市场鲫鱼体内分布和食鱼暴露量

利用气质联用仪(GC-NCI-MS)方法定量分析了台州路桥区河流野生鲫鱼肌肉、菜市场养殖鲫鱼肌肉、肝脏、脑、心脏和卵组织中多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)的含量及分布特征,并且评估了当地人通过食鱼的PBDEs暴露量.结果表明,电子垃圾拆解点附近河流鲫鱼肌肉中PBDEs含量显著高于没有明显PBDEs污染源的菜场养殖鲫鱼;PBDEs在养殖鲫鱼组织中分布不均,心脏组织中ΣPBDEs含量最高,均值为18.82 ng·g-1(湿重),卵组织中最低,均值为1.97ng·g-1.菜场养殖鲫鱼各组织中PBDEs同系物分布模式相似,BDE-47是最主要同系物,比例均值大于50%,其次是BDE-183(约20%),再次BDE-99和-153;河鱼肌肉组织中PBDEs同系物与养殖鲫鱼不尽相同,河鱼肌肉组织中主要同系物是BDE-47、-153和-99.这些结果可能暗示了来自上游的简单电子垃圾拆解行为是河流鲫鱼中较高PBDEs含量的一个污染来源.台州居民通过食用河流鲫鱼途径的PBDEs日均暴露量约为29.0 ng,稍微高于其他地区.     

Health risk assessment of dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiyuan, China

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were determined in 24 duplicate-diet samples from people in Taiyuan during summer and winter in 2009. Dietary intake of PAHs for 2862 participants was subsequently estimated by a survey in Taiyuan. Results from these 24 samples were compared with a raw food study in Taiyuan in 2008. Three main sources of dietary PAHs are vegetables, wheat flour and fruits, the sum of which contributes 75.95% of PAHs in dietary food. Compared to the estimated value in raw food, much more B[a]Peq （benzo[a]pyrene equivalents） were detected in food samples collected in the duplicate-diet study in Taiyuan （60.75 ng/day）. The cooking process may introduce more B[a]Peq into food, and the relative contribution of 16 PAHs in the diet would be changed during the cooking procedure.     

Assessing the health risk of heavy metals in vegetables to the general population in Beijing, China

A systematic survey of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in vegetables from 416 samples (involving 100 varieties) in Beijing was carried out for assessing the potential health risk to local inhabitants. The results indicated that the metal concentrations in vegetables ranged from < 0.001 to 0.479 g/g fresh weight (fw) (As), < 0.001 to 0.101 g/g fw (Cd), < 0.001 to 1.04 g/g fw (Cr), 0.024 to 8.25 g/g fw (Cu), 0.001 to 1.689 g/g fw (Ni), < 0.001 to 0.655 g/g fw (Pb) and 0.01 to 25.6 g/g fw (Zn), with average concentrations of 0.013, 0.010, 0.023, 0.51, 0.053, 0.046 and 2.55 g/g fw, respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni in vegetables from open-fields were all significantly higher than those grown in greenhouses. In addition, in local-produced vegetables, all HMs except Zn were significantly higher than those in provincial vegetables. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn from vegetables was 0.080, 0.062, 0.142, 3.14, 0.327, 0.283 and 15.7 g/(kg body weight (bw) d) for adults, respectively. Arsenic was the major risk contributor for inhabitants since the target hazard quotient based on the weighted average concentration (THQw) of arsenic amounted to 44.3% of the total THQ (TTHQ) value according to average vegetable consumption. The TTHQ was lower than 1 for all age groups, indicating that it was still safe for the general population of Beijing to consume vegetables.     

大专院校取水定额编制方法研究

定额管理是节水管理工作中一种比较科学的管理方法,也是节水管理的必然发展趋势。文章阐述了编制取水定额所应遵循的基本原则,结合大专院校的行业用水特点,综合运用相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等统计分析方法,建立了一套制定大专院校取水定额标准的科学体系。该体系具有科学性、实用性和灵活性。运用该体系编制了武汉市大专院校的分类取水定额标准,对于加强城市大专院校行业的节水管理,提高大专院校节水水平具有重要的指导意义,同时对于编制城市其它行业的取水定额具有一定的参考价值。     

奥运期间北京典型交通环境气态污染物特征及人体吸入剂量

为了评估2008年奥运会期间北京市机动车控制措施效果,对不同控制措施阶段北四环道路的气态污染物进行监测,并同步采集车流与气象信息.基于监测结果归纳气态污染物特征,分析控制措施的影响,并计算高峰小时与日间小时平均污染物人体吸入剂量.结果表明,控制措施全面实施期间(Ⅲ阶段)北四环路日间平均车流量下降约22%,其中轻型车流量降低约43%.与之相对应,北四环CO、NOx、NO2的浓度水平范围分别是0.10～3.94,0.002～0.139,0.002～0.099mg.m-3,较奥运前(2008年5月)监测浓度显著下降.其中,奥运赛事期间(Ⅲ-2阶段)CO、NOx、NO2平均浓度降幅最大,分别达到63%,71%和70%.奥运期间(Ⅲ阶段)CO与NOx的单人与总人群的高峰小时和日间平均小时吸入剂量较奥运前(2008年5月)均有显著下降,其中CO单人高峰小时与日间小时平均吸入剂量降幅分别是63%和81%;NOx单人高峰小时与日间小时平均吸入剂量降幅分别是58%和55%.区域总人群的吸入量也同比例下降.奥运期间严格的交通控制措施大幅削减了机动车污染物排放量,从而降低了道路交通环境机动车尾气污染引起的人体吸入剂量.     

金坛地区五氯酚的人体暴露评价

以五氯酚及其钠盐(统称为PCP)为研究对象,选择曾长期使用五氯酚钠杀灭钉螺的江苏省金坛地区为研究区域,使用膳食暴露模型计算评价了当地居民的人体暴露水平.结果表明,该地区成年人日均PCP摄入量最高值为8μg·d-1,该值低于世界卫生组织推荐的每日允许摄入量180μg·d-1;饮水和植物类食物是人体摄入PCP的主要途径,分别占总摄入量的42%和39%.此外,不确定性分析表明,模式运算结果呈偏态分布,偏度、峰度系数分别为3.51和19.7.