生态脆弱区旅游开发与环境建设协调发展问题研究——以石羊河流域为例

在生态脆弱区发展旅游,如果规划得当、管理科学,应该是一条可行的生态改良和发展经济的道路。石羊河流域是甘肃省河西内陆河流域中生态环境最脆弱的地区,分析了石羊河流域生态环境的脆弱性及旅游开发的可行性,并从规划、建设、管理等层面提出旅游开发与环境建设协调发展的解决对策。     

论生态示范区建设与生态农业产业化

从实践和理论两个方面探讨了生态示范区建设中生态农业的地位、生态农业产业化的定义、内涵、技术对策及发展方向     

A game model for dominance relations among group-living animals

We present here an attempt to understand behaviors of dominant individuals and of subordinate individuals as behavior strategies in an asymmetric “hawk-dove” game. We assume that contestants have perfect information about relative fighting ability and the value of the resource. Any type of asymmetry, both relevant to and irrelevant to the fighting ability, can be considered. It is concluded that evolutionarily stable strategies (ESSs) depend on the resource value (V), the cost of injury (D), and the probability that the individual in one role will win (x). Different ESSs can exist even when values of V, D, and x are the same. The characteristics of dominance relations detected by observers may result from the ESSs that the individuals are adopting. The model explains some characteristics of dominance relations, for example, the consistent outcome of contests, the rare occurrence of escalated fights, and the discrepancy between resource holding potential (RHP) and dominance relations, from the viewpoint of individual selection. Received: 7 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 17 October 1997     

湖北省兴山县农业生态环境整治策略

以实地考察材料为基础,分析了兴山县农业生态环境的两大问题——水土流失和土壤质量差。提出了切实可行的整治策略。     

关于“十五”期间区域发展战略的建议

我国区域发展面临的的主要问题包括：地区发展差距扩大,国土整治和促进区域可持续发展的工作需要加强,失业高发地区的就业压力亟需缓解,扶贫开发工作仍需坚持等。在制定地区发展战略时,应当灾行”效率与公平兼顾”,加快规范的财政转移支付制度的建立,充分运用金融工具,实行地区差别的金融调控政策,尽快着手地区发展立法,选准西部大开发重点开发区,以大河流域作为重要切入点重视开展国土整治工作,抑制人口数量增长,提高人     

乌鲁木齐可持续城市发展战略研究

本文系统地分析了可持续城市发展的支持系统和主要问题,提出了新世纪乌鲁木齐可持续城市发展战略及其目标、方针与重点,指出了乌鲁木齐可持续城市发展的战略模式。     

生物资源在害虫防治中的减灾作用和开发对策

论述了害虫防治中的丰富生物资源,讨论了生物资源在农业减灾作用中具有良好社会、经济和生态效益及开发潜力,提出了开发利用的对策。     

广州市不同人群硒摄入量研究

通过酸消解、原子荧光-氢化物发生法测定了广州市市售109种常见食物中硒的含量,结合膳食结构计算了广州市不同人群的每日硒摄入量.结果表明,广州市不同食品硒含量有较大差异,均值为4.97～457.3 μg·kg-1,其中动物性食品硒含量明显高于植物性食品硒含量,硒含量较高的食品有动物内脏、鱼虾类、蛋及蛋制品、猪肉等,均大于150 μg·kg-1.广州市不同人群膳食硒摄入量有明显差别,不同收入人群的摄入量为高收入人群(102.6 μg·d-1)＞中收入人群(83.8 μg·d-1)＞低收入人群(66.6 μg·d-1);老人硒摄入量为73.3 μg·d-1,儿童为44.3 μg·d-1,大学生为86.8 μg·d-1,工人为69.7 μg·d-1;标准人摄入量为98.5 μg·d-1.动物性食品是广州居民硒摄入量的主要来源;其次是大米;蔬菜、水果和豆类及制品等植物性食品贡献很小.广州市不同人群每日硒摄入量处于良好水平.     

从油气资源状况论我国未来能源发展战略

我国油气可采资源量分别为140×10⁸t和9.3×10¹²m³,但与世界平均水平相比,我国油气资源却相对贫乏。目前,我国石油资源勘探程度较高,储量、产量增长的潜力有限,石油在未来一次能源消费中的比例只能略有上升,保持在25%～26%;而天然气资源勘探程度却很低,正处在高速发展阶段。天然气在未来一次能源消费中的比例有望较快增长,预计从2000年的2.5%上升到2015年的9.4%;与之对应,煤炭消费比例会有所下降,但不会改变煤炭在一次能源消费中的首要地位。为此,根据我国油气资源、能源消费和能源需求变化等特点,对未来能源发展战略提出5条建议:节能降耗,提高能源利用率,实施可持续发展战略;大力发展洁净煤技术;依靠科技进步,加大油气勘探开发力度,优化能源结构;实施“走出去”战略,积极参与国际油气市场;积极开发新能源,实现能源供应多元化。     

Reducing surface water pollution through the assessment of the cost-effectiveness of BMPs at different spatial scales

Two kinds of agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) were examined with respect to cost-effectiveness (CE) in reducing sediment, nitrates-nitrogen (NO₃–N) and total phosphorus (TP) losses to surface waters of the Arachtos catchment in Western Greece. The establishment of filter strips at the edge of fields and a non-structural measure, namely fertilization reduction in alfalfa, combined with contour farming and zero-tillage in corn and reduction of animal numbers in pastureland, were evaluated. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used as the non-point-source (NPS) estimator, while a simple economic component was developed estimating BMP implementation cost as the mean annual expenses needed to undertake and operate the practice for a 5-year period. After each BMP implementation, the ratio of their CE in reducing pollution was calculated for each Hydrologic Response Unit (HRU) separately, for each agricultural land use type entirely and for the whole catchment. The results at the HRU scale are presented comprehensively on a map, demonstrating the spatial differentiation of CE ratios across the catchment that enhances the identification of locations where each BMP is most advisable for implementation. Based on the analysis, a catchment management solution of affordable total cost would include the expensive measure of filter strips in corn and only in a small number of pastureland fields, in combination with the profitable measure of reducing fertilization to alfalfa fields. When examined for its impact on river loads at the outlet, the latter measure led to a 20 tn or 8% annual decrease of TP from the baseline with savings of 15€/kg of pollutant reduction. Filter strips in corn fields reduced annual sediments by 66 Ktn or 5%, NO₃–N by 71 tn or 9.5% and TP by 27 tn or 10%, with an additional cost of 3.1 €/tn, 3.3 €/kg and 8.1 €/kg of each pollutant respectively. The study concludes that considerable reductions of several pollutant types at the same time can be achieved, even at low total cost, by combining targeted BMP implementation strategies only in small parts of the catchment, also enabling policy makers to take local socio-economic constraints into consideration. The methodology and the results presented aim to facilitate decision making for a cost-effective management of diffuse pollution by enabling modelers and researchers to make rapid and reliable BMP cost estimations and thus being able to calculate their CE at the local level in order to identify the most suitable areas for their implementation.