粮食安全：我国农业现代化的任务与标志

解决10多亿人吃饭问题是我国农业第一主题,是农业现代化的首要任务,而粮食安全水平是我国农业现代化的重要标志,因此,在我国农业现代化进程中,必须强化商品粮基地建设;不断提高种粮科学技术的经济效益、粮食转化效益,保护和改善粮食生产者和主产区经济利益和经济状况,建立健全国家粮食安全保障体系,提高我国粮食安全水平。     

AFTER THE 1993 FLOOD: A WATER AND SURFICIAL BED SEDIMENT QUALITY SCENARIO ON THE ILLINOIS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI RWERS1

ABSTRACT: Effects of the 1993 flood on river water and sediment quality were investigated using historical data and data collected from the Illinois River and Upper Mississippi River in a post‐flood period. Overall the post‐flood results showed systematic reductions and individual changes in the water and sediment constituents. The reductions in sediment metals and nutrients were most obvious at the Keokuk and Lock and Dam 26 stations. By analyzing and comparing the physical changes to the changes in water and sediment constituents at each station, it was found that physical processes such as sediment entrainment and, more importantly, the removal of fine sediment to be the main causes for the reduced concentrations in sediment constituents. On the other hand, sediment redistribution and associated secondary contamination could have caused the emergence of several water and sediment constituents that were undetected before the flood.     

6-苄氨基腺嘌呤对江汉平原小麦开花后渍害的缓减效应研究

于2011~2012年度及2012~2013年度开展小麦开花后渍水试验,研究开花后渍水对小麦产量的影响及渍水前喷施6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)对产量的效应。结果表明,2011~2012年度及2012~2013年度江汉平原小麦开花期至成熟期均有持续降水分布,其中2011年4~5月累计降雨量达1941 mm,2012年同期累计降雨量达2855 mm,表明江汉平原小麦生殖生长期有较大渍害风险。本试验研究表明,开花后渍水,小麦植株衰老进程加速,叶片严重早衰失绿,旗叶光合速率降低;渍水前喷施6-BA,可缓减叶片衰老趋势,缩小旗叶光合速率降低幅度。开花后渍水亦导致根系活力降低,渍水前喷施6-BA可缓减根系活力降低,其中至灌浆中期,渍水处理根系活力仅为对照的563%,6-BA+渍水处理根系活力较渍水处理提高66%,差异达显著水平。渍水处理生物产量及籽粒产量均显著低于对照,渍水前喷施6-BA,生物产量、籽粒产量较渍水处理比较均有所提高,其中生物产量较渍水处理提高77%,籽粒产量提高137%。总之,在本试验条件下,开花后渍水导致光合速率、根系活力、生物产量、籽粒产量等显著降低,渍水前喷施6-BA可在一定程度上缓减渍害效应,在渍害发生后促进籽粒产量形成,据2011~2012年度及2012~2013年度产量结果估算,渍水前喷施6-BA相当于每6667 m2可减少427 kg 产量损失,即约1/3以上的田块未发生渍害     

华北地区气溶胶数浓度和尺度分布的航测研究 ——以石家庄为例

2009年秋季利用河北省人工影响天气办公室机载气溶胶粒子探头(PCASP-100X)和前向散射滴谱探头(FSSP-100-ER)在石家庄市上空进行了多次气溶胶观测.选取2009年9~10月间的7架次雾天、1架次小雨天及1架次密卷云天观测资料,重点研究雾天气溶胶粒子数浓度和直径的垂直、水平分布特征及粒子谱分布,并与密卷云天和小雨天的探测资料进行对比分析.结果表明:石家庄地区气溶胶粒子数浓度较高,近地面最大值达11910个/cm3.气溶胶粒子数浓度主要受天气条件影响,逆温层是影响粒子垂直输送的主要因素,在逆温层下粒子累积形成粒子数浓度的高值区,逆温层以上气溶胶粒子数浓度迅速减少,雾天和密卷云天粒子数浓度随高度多呈负指数分布;雾天多伴有逆温层和较大空气湿度,有利于气溶胶粒子累积,数浓度一般可达104个/cm3以上,容易形成低能见度污染天气;气溶胶粒子数浓度在无降水日有累积效应,降雨对气溶胶粒子有明显清除作用;粒子数浓度和粒子直径在水平方向上呈不均匀分布,随着高度增加粒子数浓度和直径的水平绝对偏差减小,相对偏差往往增大;不同天气下尺度谱型类似,多呈单峰分布,在0.11μm左右处出现峰值,但在雾天、密卷云天、小雨天气下的气溶胶粒子峰值依次变小,并且随高度增加,尺度谱峰值数密度值降低,谱变窄.     

Effects of Detectability on Estimates of Geographic Range Size in Bignonieae

Abstract: Extinction risk has not been evaluated for 96% of all described plant species. Given that the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation proposes preliminary conservation assessments of all described plant species by 2010, herbarium specimens (i.e., primary occurrence data) are increasingly being used to infer threat components from estimates of geographic range size. Nevertheless, estimates of range size based on herbarium data may be inaccurate due to collection bias associated with interspecific variation in detectability. We used data on 377 species of Bignonieae to test the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between detectability and estimates of geographic range size derived from herbarium specimens. This relationship is expected if the proportion of the true geographic range size of a species that is documented by herbarium specimens is given by the product of the true geographic range size and the detectability of the species, assuming no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability. We developed 4 measures of detectability that can be estimated from herbarium data and examined the relationship between detectability and 2 types of estimates of geographic range size: area of occupancy and extent of occurrence. Our results from regressing estimates of extent of occurrence and area of occupancy on detectability across genera provided no support for this hypothesis. The same was true for regressions of estimated extent of occurrence on detectability across species within genera. Nevertheless, regressions of estimated area of occupancy on detectability across species within genera provided partial support for our hypothesis. We considered 3 possible explanations for this mixed outcome: violation of the assumption of no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability; the relationships between estimated geographic range size and detectability may be an artifact of a negative relationship between estimated area of occupancy and the sampling variance of detectability; detectability may have had 2 opposite effects on estimated species range sizes: one determines the proportion of the true range of a species documented by herbarium specimens and the other determines the distribution of true range size for the species actually observed with herbarium data. Our findings should help improve understanding of the potential biases incurred with the use of herbarium data.     

Territory characteristics and coexistence with heterospecifics in the Dartford warbler <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sylvia undata</Emphasis> across a habitat gradient

The study of successional gradients may help to understand the relative influence of habitat structure and competition on territory characteristics. Here, we evaluate the effects of vegetation cover, conspecific and heterospecific densities, and distance to the nearest neighbor on territory size, shape, and overlap in insectivorous birds. We studied these effects along a gradient of postfire habitat regeneration in which foliage cover and densities of focal species varied several-fold. We delineate 197 territories (minimum convex polygons) of the shrub-dwelling Dartford warbler (Sylvia undata) and 255 of the syntopic Sardinian (Sylvia melanocephala), subalpine (Sylvia cantillans) and melodious (Hippolais polyglotta) warblers at three plots in NE Catalonia (Spain and France) in 1987–2005. After accounting for the effect of the number of locations used to delineate polygons, generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) showed a reduction in territory area of the Dartford warbler as conspecific density increased and distance to nearest neighbor decreased, in accordance with the contender pressure hypothesis for territory size regulation. Heterospecific density was not included in the final model of territory size and the effect of habitat structure was marginal. Territory roundness was positively correlated with its size and with conspecific density, probably in relation to energetic constraints, and negatively with heterospecific density. Territorial exclusion was almost complete among Dartford warblers, whereas interspecific territory overlap was extensive and tended to increase with heterospecific density and with structural diversity along the gradient. Our results support the hypothesis that Mediterranean warbler coexistence derives from ecological segregation and not from interspecific territoriality.     

Optimal investment in sons and daughters when parents do not know the sex of their offspring

Optimal parental investment usually differs depending on the sex of the offspring. However, parents in most organisms cannot discriminate the sex of their young until those young are energetically independent. In a species with physical male–male competition, males are often larger and usually develop sexual ornaments, so male offspring are often more costly to produce. However, Onthophagus dung beetles (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae) are highly dimorphic in secondary sexual characters, but sexually monomorphic in body size, despite strong male–male competition for mates. We demonstrate that because parents provide all resources required by their offspring before adulthood, O. atripennis exhibits no sexual size dimorphism irrespective of sexual selection pressure favoring sexual dimorphism. By constructing a graphic model with three fitness curves (for sons, daughters, and expected fitness return for parents), we demonstrate that natural selection favors parents that provide both sons and daughters with the optimal amount of investment for sons, which is far greater than that for daughters. This is because the cost of producing small sons, that are unable to compete for mates, is far greater than the cost of producing daughters that are larger than necessary. This theoretical prediction can explain sexual dimorphism without sexual size dimorphism, widely observed in species with crucial parental care such as dung beetles and leaf-rolling beetles, and may provide an insight into the enigmatic relationship between sexual size dimorphism and sexual dimorphism.     

额济纳绿洲沙尘暴沉积的物质特征

考察了额济纳绿洲内广泛分布的沙丘,并采集了称之“额济纳剖面”的典型沙丘不同粒级的样本263个,进行了25个化学元素的分析以及11个¹⁴测定.结果表明,该沙丘是距今2500年以来多次沙尘暴堆积的沉积记录.褐黄色风成沙层类似我国内陆沙漠沙,该地沙漠风沙流的产物;黄土状亚沙土与黄河中游的沙黄土、现代沙尘堆积极其相似,且结合历史时期“雨土”资料,说明其是沙尘暴的叠加产物;含红柳枯枝落叶的沙层则是兼有前两者成分的混合堆积.     

不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属分布和浸出性质

对烟气净化系统飞灰(以下简称飞灰)按粒径进行分级,研究了飞灰重金属含量、形态分布和浸出毒性随粒径的变化,讨论了不同粒径的飞灰对重金属总量和浸出总量的贡献率.结果表明:飞灰中粒径>154 μm和<30 μm的颗粒较少,粒径为38.5～74 μm的颗粒约占总量的50%.除Ni和Cr外,重金属含量随飞灰粒径的减小呈增加趋势,且主要表现在酸溶态Cd,Zn,Pb,Cu和有机结合态Pb以及晶形氧化铁态Pb,Zn含量的增加.随着飞灰粒径的减小,Cr,Ni,Zn,Hg和Pb的浸出量也呈逐渐增加趋势,其中Zn,Hg和Pb的表现尤为突出.尽管细颗粒上的重金属对飞灰的重金属总量贡献不大,但高浸出率使细颗粒飞灰对重金属浸出总量仍具有较大贡献,尤其是Pb,Zn和Hg,在占飞灰质量8%的粒径<30 μm的飞灰中,富集了约40%的水溶性Pb,Zn和Hg.      

鲁西北地区现状农业土地资源劳动力承载力模拟

传统农区农业劳动力的出路问题是中国目前面临的一个重要经济和社会问题,论文从农业土地资源劳动力承载力评价角度,对这一问题进行了探讨。提出了最小劳均耕地面积、农业土地资源劳动力承载力、规模种植压力指数和农业土地资源劳动力承载力指数的概念及模型,在建立模型分析农业土地资源劳动力承载能力的基础上估算劳动力的剩余。结果如下:在现实收入水平下,鲁西北地区最小劳均耕地面积为0.39hm₂,而实际劳均耕地面积为0.34hm₂;在现实收入水平下,鲁西北地区约有53.3×104个劳动力需要转移,剩余劳动力约占农林牧渔业总劳动力的14.9％;规模种植压力指数K=1.18>1,表明耕地处于正压力状态(承受压力)。说明目前鲁西北地区单位农林牧渔业劳动力所拥有的耕地规模较小,致使劳动生产率难以提高,农民收入增加缓慢,要大力提高农业劳动生产率,必须缩减从事农业的劳动力规模,寻求剩余劳动力转移的有效途径。