北京夏冬季霾天气下气溶胶水溶性离子粒径分布特征

为研究北京夏、冬季霾粒子中水溶性离子的粒径谱分布,并进一步分析其来源及形成机制,于2009年夏季和冬季利用惯性撞击式8级采样器(Andersen)和石英微量振荡天平(TEOM)对北京城区大气气溶胶分别进行了为期2周的连续采样和监测,并用离子色谱(IC)对气溶胶中的水溶性离子进行了分析.结果表明,夏季霾天PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度分别为(245.5±8.4)μg.m-3和(120.2±2.0)μg.m-3,冬季霾天对应的数值分别为(384.2±30.2)μg.m-3和(252.7±47.1)μg.m-3,无论夏季还是冬季,霾天大气细粒子污染均十分严重.细粒子中总水溶性离子(TWSS)的浓度霾天远高于对照天,其中霾天浓度上升较快的是SO24-、NO3-和NH4+,二次无机离子对霾天气的形成过程扮演重要作用.除NO3-外,其余7种水溶性离子夏、冬季霾天粒径谱分布一致,即,SO24-、NH4+主要分布于PM1.0以下的细粒子模态,Mg2+、Ca2+主要分布于PM2.5以上的粗粒子模态,Na+、Cl-和K+呈双模态分布;夏季霾天NO3-呈双模态分布,而冬季则主要分布于细粒子中.夏季霾天SO24-的平均质量中值粒径(MMAD)为0.64μm,SO24-主要来自远程SO2的云内反应,并且SO2表观转化率(SOR)高于对照天,使得霾天光化学反应生成的细粒子远远高于对照天气过程;冬季霾天SO24-的MMAD增至0.89μm,冬季因局地SO2排放并被非均相化学反应过程氧化为SO24-亦为北京大气细粒子的重要来源.夏、冬季霾天NO3-的MMAD分别为2.85μm和0.80μm,受到温度的影响,NO3-夏、冬季节分别以硝酸钙和硝酸铵的形式存在于粗、细粒子中.     

城市污水处理厂生成的微生物气溶胶的污染特性

为探明城市污水厂生成的微生物气溶胶的污染特性,于2011年6～7月利用Andersen六级撞击式采样器对西安市第三污水处理厂不同污水处理单元的微生物气溶胶进行现场采样,利用平皿培养和菌落计数法检测分析了细菌、真菌和放线菌这3类微生物气溶胶的浓度、粒径分布和中值直径.结果表明,污水处理厂污泥脱水车间的细菌和放线菌气溶胶浓度最高,分别为7 866 CFU.m-3±960 CFU.m-3和2 139 CFU.m-3±227 CFU.m-3,而真菌气溶胶浓度最高出现在氧化沟,为2 156 CFU.m-3±119 CFU.m-3.细菌、真菌和放线菌气溶胶粒径分布均呈偏态型,其中细菌和真菌的粒径分布峰值出现在2.1～3.3μm范围,而放线菌气溶胶粒径分布峰值出现在1.1～2.1μm范围.总体上,污水厂中细菌气溶胶中值直径>真菌气溶胶中值直径>放线菌气溶胶中值直径.另外,微生物气溶胶的空间变化特征表现为粒径大的微生物气溶胶浓度减少率大.3类微生物气溶胶浓度减少率的变化程度从大到小依次为细菌>真菌>放线菌.     

机动车源大气颗粒物粒径分布及碳组分特征

颗粒物的粒径分布特性与碳质组分的表征已成为大气颗粒物源解析的重要方法.利用微孔均匀沉积式碰撞采样器与有机碳/元素碳分析仪,研究采集自不同区域的机动车源大气颗粒物粒径分布特性及其碳组分含量特征.结果表明,随着粒径级增大,发动机原排颗粒物质量浓度逐渐降低.实验室排空大气颗粒物在0.32~0.56μm粒径级浓度较高;地下停车场大气颗粒物在1.0~1.8μm粒径级浓度较高.柴油机原排颗粒物OC1、OC2和OC3所占比例较多,EC2为元素碳的主要部分.机动车源扩散区域大气颗粒物OC3和OC4含量所占比例较多,地下停车场大气颗粒物EC1占元素碳绝大部分.柴油机原排颗粒物的OC/EC比值较小,在0.92~2.50之间.实验室排空与地下停车场大气颗粒物的OC/EC比值分别在1.40~2.53与2.36~4.82之间.此外,地下停车场大气颗粒物的OC/EC比值均大于2.0,最高可达4.82,可以判定地下停车场有较多的二次颗粒物生成.上述特性可为机动车源大气颗粒物的辨识提供参考依据.     

17α-雌二醇在土壤样品中的吸附特性研究

研究了pH值、温度、离子强度和土壤粒径等因素对17α-雌二醇(17α-E2)在土壤样品中吸附特性的影响。结果表明:17α-E2在土壤中的等温吸附浓度呈现先显著升高后保持相对稳定的趋势,等温吸附平衡时间约为0.5 h;土壤对17α-E2的吸附率随着环境温度的升高而显著降低。随着17α-E2溶液pH值的升高,土壤样品对17α-E2的吸附则逐渐降低;随着离子浓度的升高,土壤样品对17α-E2的吸附呈现先显著升高后保持相对稳定的趋势;随着土壤粒径的增大,土壤样品对于17α-E2的吸附作用则显著降低。     

First flush of storm runoff pollution from an urban catchment in China

Storm runoff pollution process was investigated in an urban catchment with an area of 1.3 km^2 in Wuhan City of China. The results indicate that the pollutant concentration peaks preceded the flow peaks in all of 8 monitored storm events. The intervals between pollution peak and flow peak were shorter in the rain events with higher intensity in the initial period than those with lower intensity. The fractions of pollution load transported by the first 30% of runoff volume （FF30） were 52.2%-72.1% for total suspended solids （TSS）, 53.0%-65.3% for chemical oxygen demand （COD）, 40.4%-50.6% for total nitrogen （TN）, and 45.8%-63.2% for total phosphorus （TP）, respectively. Runoff pollution was positively related to non-raining days before the rainfall. Intercepting the first 30% of runoff volume can remove 62.4% of TSS load, 59.4% of COD load, 46.8% of TN load, and 54.1% of TP load, respectively, according to all the storm events. It is suggested that controlling the first flush is a critical measure in reduction of urban stormwater pollution.     

不同粒径铁铝泥对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附效果

以给水处理厂废弃铁铝泥(ferric and alum water treatment residuals,FARs)为载体,考察了不同粒径FARs对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附效果.不同粒径FARs的有效铁铝含量、比表面积和孔体积分别为523.72～1 861.72 mmol.kg-1、28.15～265.59 m2.g-1和0.03～0.09 cm3.g-1,总有机质、富里酸、胡敏酸和胡敏素分别为46.97～91.58、0.02～32.27、22.27～34.09和10.76～34.22 mg.kg-1.SEM和XRD检测表明,不同粒径FARs均以无定形结构存在.批量实验结果表明,准一级和准二级动力学方程均能较好地反映FARs吸附砷(Ⅲ)的动力学过程.不同粒径FARs对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附量随着浓度的增加而增高,用Langmuir等温线方程拟合获得理论饱和吸附量在6.72～21.79 mg.g-1之间.pH值对FARs吸附砷(Ⅲ)的作用影响不大.砷(Ⅲ)吸附量大小与不同粒径FARs的理化性质的变化趋势基本一致,由相关性分析可得,有效铁铝含量和孔体积大小是影响FARs对砷(Ⅲ)吸附的主要因素.     

Effect of organic matter and pH on mercury release from soils

An investigation was conducted on the effect of organic matter(OM)and pH on mercury(Hg)release from soils.Hg release flux was measured using the dynamic flux chamber(DFC)combined with the Lumex multifunctional mercury analyzer in both laboratory experiment and field monitoring.The results showed that Hg emission from the OM-added soils was apparently low because of the high affinity of OM to Hg,resulting in the reverse order as the amount of OM addition.Meanwhile,Hg release flux from different pH value soils exhibited the same trend for both Hg~(2 )and Hg_2~(2 )treatment,increasing the Hg flux with pH value of soils increasing.The trend of Hg release in the pH dependence experiment has been well in agreement with that from the field test.In addition,Hg release seemed to be related to its species in the soil,the flux from Hg~(2 )-added soil was obviously higher than that of Hg_2~(2 )-added soil by the laboratory experiment.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Fractionation and solubility of cadmium in paddy soils amended with porous hydrated calcium silicate

Previous studies have shown that porous hydrated calcium silicate （PS） is very effective in decreasing cadmium （Cd） content in brown rice. However, it is unclear whether the PS influences cadmium transformation in soil. The present study examined the effect of PS on pH, cadmium transformation and cadmium solubility in Andosol and Alluvial soil, and also compared its effects with CaCO3, acidic porous hydrated calcium silicate （APS） and silica gel. Soil cadmium was operationally fractionationed into exchangeable （Exch）, bound to carbonates （Carb）, bound to iron and manganese oxides （FeMnOx）, bound to organic matters （OM） and residual （Res） fraction. Application of PS and CaCO3 at hig rates enhanced soil pH, while APS and silica gel did not obviously change soil pH. PS and CaCO3 also increased the FeMnOx-Cd in Andosol and Carb-Cd in Alluvial soil, thus reducing the Exch-Cd in the tested soils. However, PS was less effective than CaCO3 at the same application rate. Cadmium fractions in the two soils were not changed by the treatments of APS and silica gel. There were no obvious differences in the solubility of cadmium in soils treated with PS, APS, silica gel and CaCO3 except Andosol treated 2.0% CaCO3 at the same pH of soil-CaC12 suspensions. These findings suggested that the decrease of cadmium availability in soil was mainly attributed to the increase of soil pH caused by PS.     

哈萨克斯坦粮食生产效率动态演进及区域差异

曾为苏联粮仓的哈萨克斯坦是粮食生产大国,对于粮食生产效率问题的研究可以评价其未来粮食生产潜力和粮食生产水平,为推进中哈粮食合作提供参考。基于2005—2017年哈萨克斯坦州际数据,采用三阶段DEA-Windows方法,在控制环境因素基础上测算了该国的粮食生产效率,分析了其动态演变和区域差异。结果发现：剔除外生环境因素后,除北部地区,哈萨克斯坦其他地区粮食生产效率大幅度下降,全国效率均值从0.755下降到0.286;哈萨克斯坦粮食生产效率地区分异显著,北部为0.857,西部仅有0.112,粮食生产效率提升空间很大;调整后全国和各地区的粮食生产效率都呈上升趋势,但与北部的效率差距不断增大,地区内各州粮食效率变化趋于一致。