北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物化学组分特性

为探究北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物(DOM)的化学特性,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱及红外光谱技术,对北京市不同交通密度道路雨水径流溶解性有机物的化学组分进行分析.结果表明,北京市道路雨水径流DOM以疏水性组分为主,且主要为疏水中性组分.道路雨水径流DOM亲水性组分主要由类芳香蛋白物质组成,疏水性组分除含大量类芳香蛋白物质外,还含有大量类富里酸物质.道路雨水径流DOM疏水性组分的芳香化程度较高、腐殖化程度较低,亲水性组分与之相反.道路雨水径流DOM酸性组分中含异构化的羧基和苯环等官能团,碱性组分和中性组分中多含醚键、酯基、酚类和醇类等官能团.交通密度对道路雨水径流DOM化学组分的物质组成、特性等无明显影响,仅影响各化学组分中的物质含量;交通密度越大,各化学组分中物质的含量越多和芳香化程度越高,腐殖化程度越低.     

海陆交互带土壤及河流沉积物中镉含量及形态分布特征

镉污染对人类健康构成威胁,研究土壤中镉的空间分布可以用来评估对人类和环境构成的风险.通过分析海陆交互带不同埋深土壤中的重金属镉(Cd)含量及形态,揭示了土壤重金属镉的富集特征及变化规律.结果表明:(1)广州南沙区地表水中Cd质量浓度均低于0.000 1 mg·L^-1,河流沉积物的理化性质以上横沥水道为界呈现空间差异,重金属Cd主要沉积在上横沥以北,总Cd均值为2.71mg·kg^-1,上横沥水道及以南河流沉积物总Cd为0.062～0.39mg·kg^-1,对海洋环境危害小;(2)土壤剖面Cd含量随土壤埋深增加逐渐减小,埋深0～20、 20～50、 50～90、 90～140和140～200cm等5层剖面Cd含量中值依次为0.51、 0.50、 0.45、 0.42和0.33mg·kg^-1,且离散程度随埋深增加逐渐减小,pH小于5的土壤中Cd在垂向上的迁移量及迁移深度显著增加;(3)土壤中残渣态Cd约占40%,随埋深变化趋势基本持平,弱酸提取态Cd占比中值与pH的变化一致,均随剖面埋深的增加而增大;可还原...     

水系沉积物重金属分析前处理方法

建立了水系沉积物中6种重金属分析的前处理方法,研究了样品粒径、消解前处理对测定结果的影响,对方法适用性作出评价,并对实际样品进行测定。结果表明:通过Hg元素含量的测定,粒径为0.147 mm的沉积物粒径可满足分析要求;采用微波-硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸消解、ICP-MS法,对5种不同类型沉积物标准样品的6种重金属的测定结果显示,该方法精密度好、准确度高。利用建立的方法测定广西某河流湖库沉积物样品,6种元素测定结果 RSD为1.57%~11.1%,加标回收率大于74.4%。     

Risk Assessment of Inbreeding and Outbreeding Depression in a Captive‐Breeding Program

Captive‐breeding programs can be implemented to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered populations such that the controlled release of captive‐bred individuals into the wild may promote recovery. A common difficulty, however, is that programs are founded with limited wild broodstock, and inbreeding can become increasingly difficult to avoid with successive generations in captivity. Program managers must choose between maintaining the genetic purity of populations, at the risk of inbreeding depression, or interbreeding populations, at the risk of outbreeding depression. We evaluate these relative risks in a captive‐breeding program for 3 endangered populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In each of 2 years, we released juvenile F₁ and F₂ interpopulation hybrids, backcrosses, as well as inbred and noninbred within‐population crosstypes into 9 wild streams. Juvenile size and survival was quantified in each year. Few crosstype effects were observed, but interestingly, the relative fitness consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding varied from year to year. Temporal variation in environmental quality might have driven some of these annual differences, by exacerbating the importance of maternal effects on juvenile fitness in a year of low environmental quality and by affecting the severity of inbreeding depression differently in different years. Nonetheless, inbreeding was more consistently associated with a negative effect on fitness, whereas the consequences of outbreeding were less predictable. Considering the challenges associated with a sound risk assessment in the wild and given that the effect of inbreeding on fitness is relatively predictable, we suggest that risk can be weighted more strongly in terms of the probable outcome of outbreeding. Factors such as genetic similarities between populations and the number of generations in isolation can sometimes be used to assess outbreeding risk, in lieu of experimentation. Evaluación del Riesgo de Depresión por Endogamia y Exogamia en un Programa de Reproducción en Cautiverio     

Conspecific threat,predation avoidance,and resource defense: implications for grouping in langurs

Data on langur (Presbytis entellus) populations were gathered from the literature to test the importance of three selective pressures in determining group size and composition: predation pressure, intergroup resource defense, and conspecific threat. There were no detectable difference in the size of groups in populations facing nearly intact predator communities compared to those populations where predators were severely reduced in number or absent, although there was a trend for the number of adult males per group to increase in areas with nearly intact predator communities. Using population density as an indirect measure of the frequency of intrusions into a group’s home range and thereby as an index of the demographic pressure favoring resource defense, we predicted that higher densities would result in larger defensive coalitions and higher numbers of females per group. This prediction was not upheld. Our third selective pressure, conspecific threat, encompasses those selective forces resulting from physical attack on females, infants, and juveniles. Our index of conspecific threat uses the number of non-group males divided by the number of bisexual groups, because in langurs, the major source of conspecific threat derives from non-group males who, following group take-over, kill infants, wound females, and expel juveniles from groups. This index of conspecific threat was strongly related to the mean number of resident females, was weakly related to the mean group size, but was not related to the number of males in the group. In addition, as predicted, populations with a high index of conspecific threat had higher levels of juvenile expulsion. These analyses were corroborated by a simulation model which used a computer-generated series of null populations to calculate expected slopes of immatures regressed on adult females. These randomly generated populations, matched to means and ranges of real populations, allowed us to determine if deviations of the observed slopes from the expected null slopes could be explained by variation in predation pressure, population density, or conspecific threat. We found no evidence that predation pressure was associated with decreases in immature survival in smaller groups, as would be predicted by the predation-avoidance hypothesis. We found no evidence that immature survival was compromised by small group size in high-density populations, as would be predicted by the resource-defense hypothesis. However, as the index of conspecific threat increased, groups with larger numbers of females were more successful than groups with fewer females in reducing mortality or expulsion of immatures. Overall, conspecific threat received the strongest support as a selective pressure influencing langur group size and composition, suggesting that this selective pressure should be evaluated more widely as a factor influencing composition of animal groups. Received: 23 January 1995/Accepted after revision: 18 February 1996     

多道次镦-挤大变形对2024铝合金组织性能的影响

研究了室温多道次镦 挤大变形对2024铝合金组织性能的影响。结果表明,随着镦 挤道次的增加,组织晶粒向等轴态转变,显著改善了起始组织的织构倾向,同时晶粒随之逐渐细化至约200nm,硬度相应提高近一倍,达484HV,且多道次镦 挤大变形并不改变材料加工前后的块体形状。     

玉溪市小城镇建设中的环境问题及其保护对策

玉溪市是一个以农业人口占主导地位的中等城市,随着党和国家加强和发展小城镇建设战略的实施,玉溪市小城镇建设得到快速发展。但同时也带来突出的环境问题,成为制约区域经济和社会发展的重要因素之一。在分析当前玉溪市小城镇建设中存在主要环境问题的基础上,提出一些对策措施。     

数值方法在坯料尺寸计算中的应用

利用有限元法划分单元的概念 ,通过数值积分计算工件体积和所需坯料的尺寸 ,并在进行误差分析的基础上 ,提出了减少计算量和提高计算精度的措施     

絮凝-DAF(dissolved air floatation)工艺的化学因素与颗粒特征研究

研究了絮凝－DAF工艺的化学因素和颗粒特征。PAC类絮凝剂的碱化度B值越高，其荷电量和立体结构越显著，絮凝－DAF工艺的除浊效果越好；但除了絮凝剂的电中和能力外，其形成絮体的结构特征也对絮凝－DAF工艺有影响。随着投药量、絮凝搅拌强度和时间的增加，絮体都分别会趋于某一极值尺寸而后逐渐变小，且较大粒度的密实絮体才是与微气泡作用效果最好的絮体。此外，增加絮凝搅拌强度和延长时间都可能有利于水中颗粒的去除，且DAF出水中粒径越大的颗粒含量越少，其中大于15μm的颗粒极少，但2－4μm的颗粒数目时常多于原水。