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排序方式: 共有2147条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
871.
大气微生物粒子与飘尘粒子的关系 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
用ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器和光散射气溶胶粒子计数器,在北京西单对大气细菌、真菌和飘尘粒子的浓度、粒度分布及它们之间的关系进行了观测和研究。结果表明,大气细菌的粒度是负偏态分布,大气真菌是对数正态分布,飘尘是正偏态分布。大气细菌浓度与飘尘浓度的比值冬季大,为119538;夏季小,为24217;年平均比值为67517,>2.0μm的菌尘比值为1525387,2.0μm~8.2μm的菌尘比值为3318,>8.2μm的菌尘比值为394。大气真菌浓度与飘尘浓度的比值冬季大,为212770;夏季小,为65585;年平均比值为135344,<2.0μm的菌尘比值为952698,2.0μm~8.2μm的菌尘比值为5343,>8.2μm的菌尘比值为2632。 相似文献
872.
Moment and maximum likelihood estimators for Weibull distributions under length- and area-biased sampling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jeffrey H. Gove 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2003,10(4):455-467
Many of the most popular sampling schemes used in forestry are probability proportional to size methods. These methods are also referred to as size-biased because sampling is actually from a weighted form of the underlying population distribution. Length- and area-biased sampling are special cases of size-biased sampling where the probability weighting comes from a lineal or areal function of the random variable of interest, respectively. Often, interest is in estimating a parametric probability density of the data. In forestry, the Weibull function has been used extensively for such purposes. Estimating equations for method of moments and maximum likelihood for two- and three-parameter Weibull distributions are presented. Fitting is illustrated with an example from an area-biased angle-gauge sample of standing trees in a woodlot. Finally, some specific points concerning the form of the size-biased densities are reported. 相似文献
873.
《Ecological modelling》2003,170(2-3):453
In this paper, we address three aspects of the brown bear population in Slovenia: its size (and its evolution over time), its spatial expansion out of the core area, and its potential habitat based on natural habitat suitability. Data collected through measurement/observation of the bear population and from the literature are used. A model is developed for each aspect. The results are estimates of population size, a picture of the spatial expansion of the population and maps of its optimal and maximal potential habitat (based on natural suitability). Overall, the brown bear population has been increasing since the establishment of a core protective area and has been expanding outside this area. The habitat suitability maps show that there is room for further expansion. Based on habitat suitability and bear population density, as well as human activity and current damage reports, we recommend that the Alps should be temporarily kept free of the bears, until the necessary mitigation measures regarding human–bear conflicts are carried out. On the other hand it is of crucial importance to adapt human activities and improve bear management in the optimal habitat, with which the goals of successful conservation of the species might be achieved. 相似文献
874.
Kai Lindström Colette M. St. Mary Christophe Pampoulie 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(1):46-51
Male parental care is typically thought to come at a cost to mate attraction and future mating success. However, it has also
been hypothesized that paternal care may be under sexual, as well as natural, selection, such that good fathers actually attract
more mates. Here we show experimentally that in the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus, females prefer to mate with males that provide higher levels of parental care. We manipulated male behavior using (1) different
nest sizes and (2) an application of low-O2 water in the nests, and found that females consistently preferred males with elevated levels of care in dichotomous mate
choice tests. This complements our earlier study in which we showed that males increase the amount and quality of care they
provide in the presence of females. Our results demonstrate that male care may have evolved as a result of sexual selection
rather than natural selection alone, and furthermore, that male care may not necessarily be in conflict with mate attraction. 相似文献
875.
Territory and group sizes in Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber): echoes of settlement and reproduction?
Ruairidh D. Campbell Frank Rosell Bart A. Nolet Vilmar A. A. Dijkstra 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,58(6):597-607
According to current theories of territoriality, an animal is expected to defend the smallest area that can provide resources for maximisation of reproduction, known as the economically defendable area. In group territorial species however, the strategies behind resource defence are likely to be more complex with corporate territoriality, cooperative breeding, delayed dispersal and intra-group competition all potentially playing a role. Here we examined group territoriality in a social herbivorous rodent, the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber. Beavers in our study do not inhabit economically defendable territories. Instead the sequence of arrival of pairs into unoccupied areas seems to play a more important role in determining the size of the territory, whereas group size is determined by past reproductive success. We argue that the settlement pattern and reproductive history have a lasting impact in the territorial system of beavers due to a combination of the low adult mortality, high dispersal costs, and avoidance of resource depletion.R.D. Campbell and F. Rosell contributed equally to this work 相似文献
876.
为探究不同外热部位对18650型锂离子电池热失控特性的影响,通过自主设计的试验平台对电荷量为100%的18650型锂离子电池开展不同外热部位下热失控试验,探讨不同部位外热源对电池热失控行为过程、热失控响应时间、温度特性、电池破裂部位的影响。结果表明:在相同热源功率条件下,外热源位置对电池热失控过程中初爆与二次燃爆间的时间间隔存在影响,顶部加热时安全阀打开瞬间便发生二次燃爆,底部和中部加热工况下,时间间隔分别延迟至18 s和40 s;中部加热时池体温升速率最慢,为0.873℃/s,分别为顶部和底部加热时的77.5%和77.8%;中部加热时热失控响应时间最长达290 s,顶部和底部加热时分别缩短12.4%和30.0%;顶部和底部加热时,热失控破裂部位集中于顶部"褶皱处"和底部防爆阀,但在中部加热工况下,电池发生破裂部位的随机性增加,其外壳破坏程度也有增加。 相似文献
877.
Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils
from Taihu Lake region, China 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
PAN Genxing WU Laosheng LI Lianqing ZHANG Xuhui GONG Wei WOOD Yvonne 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2008,20(4):456-463
Developing realistic soil carbon (C) sequestration strategies for China’s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the
amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and
flood-irrigated surface topsoil (ca. 30 cm). Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic
carbon (SOC) generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths
to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in
aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial
proportion of the total SOC (30%–40%) is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to
accumulate preferentially in the 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. σ13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction
showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter @1313C in the upper
30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with di erent pedogenetical types of paddy soils with
regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important
role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems. 相似文献
878.
贵州百花湖水中溶解有机质的分子量分布随深度的变化规律 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用高效体积排阻色谱法测量了百花湖水中溶解有机质的分子量及其分布。结果表明百花湖水中溶解有机质(DOM)主要以分子量小于3500道尔顿(Da)的组分为主,其中重均(Mw)和数均(Mn)分子量分别界于2300~2500 Da和1900~2150 Da之间,说明其主要来源于降水对土壤有机物的淋滤和径流作用。根据色谱分析的结果,可以把溶解有机质的分子量分布分为四个组分:大分子量组分(MW〉3500 Da);中等偏大分子量组分(3500~2000 Da);中等分子量组分(2000~1000 Da)和小分子量组分(MW〈1000 Da)。由于生物活动和光降解作用以及有机物的分解作用,导致各分子量组分随深度的变化规律不同,其中分子量在3500~2000 Da之间的有机物的含量随深度的增大而增大,其余组分的含量随深度的增大而减少。计算所得的溶解有机质的Mw和Mn在表层较小,在中部随深度基本保持不变,到底部又变大。这种变化趋势与分子量组分的变化结果一致。 相似文献
879.
880.
How many gamergates is an ant queen worth? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ant reproductives exhibit different morphological adaptations linked to dispersal and fertility. By reviewing the literature on taxa where workers can reproduce sexually (i.e. become gamergates) we show that (1) species with a single gamergate generally have lost the winged queen caste, whereas only half of the species with several gamergates have, and (2) single-gamergate species have smaller colonies than multiple-gamergate species. Comparison with "classical" ants without gamergates, where having one vs having several winged queens are two distinct syndromes, suggests that having one vs having several gamergates are not. Gamergate number does not affect the success of colony fission, but retention of the queen caste permits the option of independent foundation. 相似文献