立窑小水泥厂适用除尘方法的研究

为了提供立窑小水泥厂的适用除尘方法，作者对几个小水泥厂系统地测定了主要工序排出粉尘的粒径分级组成和相应的粉尘浓度、烟气温度和含湿量等参数；测定了重力沉降室、旋风除尘器、冲击水浴除尘器、冲击———喷雾除尘器的粒径分级除尘效率。在此基础上，将污染源和除尘器进行匹配，对各工序所宜采取的除尘方案进行科学论证，提出的方案更为切合实际。     

水稻灌浆期臭氧暴露对产量形成的影响

利用田间原位开顶式气室(Open-topchamber,OTC)研究了长江三角洲地区水稻灌浆期臭氧(O3)暴露对其产量形成的影响,从而确定灌浆期臭氧胁迫对水稻产量的影响.实验设计4种臭氧水平,即过滤空气(CF,O3浓度10nL·L-1);自然大气(NF,O3浓度40nL·L-1);臭氧动态1(O1,O3梯度为50、100、150nL·L-1,平均浓度70nL·L-1);臭氧动态2(O2,O3梯度为75、150、300nL·L-1,平均浓度170nL·L-1).结果表明,随着臭氧浓度的升高,水稻的株高、穗长、分支、穗粒数及水稻生物量和产量等指标均有下降的趋势,但4种处理间均无显著性差异(p>0.05).在试验浓度下,水稻灌浆期短期高浓度O3暴露对其产量没有显著影响,不会造成明显的产量损失,但与全生育期相比,水稻产量对灌浆期的高臭氧浓度更为敏感.     

Characterization of soil organic matter content of two sample size populations along a climatic transect

Soil organic matter (SOM) content was determined in two populations of soil samples that were taken from 0–2 soil depth. One population represented soil samples that were takenfrom a square of 25 cm² in size (small-S population) and the other population represented soil samples that were taken from a square of 2500 cm² in size (large-L population). Thesamples were collected on hillslopes in different climatic regions: Mediterranean (GIV), semi-arid (MAL), mildly-arid (MIS) and arid (KAL). The results of both S and L populationsshowed decreasing SOM mean and variance from the Mediterranean site to the arid site. Statistical and spatial characteristics of each population were compared between the climatic regions. In addition, comparison between the two populations was made foreach site. The difference in sample size did not significantly affect the mean values of SOM of the two populations in sitesGIV, MAL and KAL, but did affect the mean at site MIS. At all study sites, except for site MAL, the variance increased with decreasing sample size. At sites GIV and KAL the coefficient ofvariation of S population was higher (more than 1.5 times) thanthat of L population, whereas at sites MAL and MIS, the differences were negligible. The relationships between the valuesof S and L samples at the individual sampling points defined thebackground of the study sites, which reflects the effect of vegetation (type), grazing, biological crust and soil properties.It was found that at the extreme sites GIV and KAL the backgroundwas characterized by relatively low SOM content with small areas of high organic matter content. At site MIS the background wascharacterized by relatively high SOM with small areas of low organic matter content. At site MAL the background was not dominated by high values of SOM nor by low ones. The spatial pattern of L population became more simple with increasing aridity. At the relatively wet sites the spatial pattern did notdepend on the sample size while in the more arid sites it was sample size dependent. It was indicated that the spatial structure of SOM at the semi-arid and mildly arid sites is anisotropic whereas at the Mediterranean and arid sites it is isotropic.     

Characterisation of particulate matter emissions from the Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting Company (ZIMASCO) Kwekwe Division (Zimbabwe): a ferrochrome smelter

Particulate matter emissions from stack number 2 of a majorferrochrome smelter, Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting Company(ZIMASCO) were characterized and the rates at which the elementsCr, Fe, Cu and Zn and total ferrochrome dust are emitted into theatmosphere were determined. The extent of soil contamination bythe dust deposited around the smelter in the generally prevailingsoutheasterly wind direction around the smelter was carried out.The highest concentrations of Cr and Fe occurred in the fineparticulates of sizes less than 59 m whilst that of Cu and Znoccurred in the coarse particulates of size range 70-100 m.The emission rates from stack 2 were; total ferrochromeparticulates 62.17 kg h^-1, Cr 6.217 kg h^-1, Fe 2.423 kg h^-1, Zn42 mg h^-1 and 6 mg h^-1 for Cu. Particulate matter was emitted at arate of 289 mg m^-3 from stack number 2. This value exceeds thelegal limit of 200 mg m^-3. Chromium and iron are the metalsin the largest amounts. The particles that constitute the largestproportion of the dust were in the range of 58-107.5 m. Thisis a characteristic feature of the particulate matter emissionsfrom ZIMASCO. Soils in the downwind direction from the smelterwere polluted with Cr up to a distance of about 700 m outward fromthe perimeter of the boundary of the smelter.     

海洋真核微藻粒级结构及其环境影响因素

采用高通量测序-分子鉴定分级技术于2018年对大长山岛临近海域微藻粒级结构进行了研究,同时探讨了叶绿素a分级法测算微藻粒级结构的误差.结果发现,叶绿素a分级法测算微微型藻类（< 3μm）误差高达82%,严重低估了小粒径微藻的组成,分子鉴定分级法测算春季小粒径微藻生物量组成平均为86%,夏季平均为52%,秋季平均为20%.春季优势种抑食金球藻生物量占41%,夏季优势种金牛微球藻生物量占21%,这2种微微型藻类会严重影响滤食性贝类正常摄食生长,养殖风险较高.总氮、总磷、溶解硅等环境因子和贝类摄食的下行效应影响着该海域微藻粒级结构的变化.     

伊犁尼勒克黄土石英颗粒微形态特征及其成因与物源意义

石英颗粒表面微形态分析是判断沉积物成因和来源的重要方法之一。对伊犁盆地尼勒克黄土石英颗粒表面微形态特征进行了研究,并将其与冰川、河流、沙漠样品进行比较,结果表明尼勒克黄土石英颗粒磨圆较差,冰川和水流作用的微形态特征明显,系近源风力搬运沉积。通过对比分析讨论了石英粉砂的可能产生机制,认为流水和寒冻风化作用为伊犁黄土的形成提供了重要动力来源。尼勒克黄土的物质来源和匈牙利黄土类似,而与黄土高原黄土有较大差别,这主要表现在经受风力搬运-沉积的次数上或者风力搬运的距离上。该研究为解译伊犁地区黄土的古气候环境意义提供了重要基础。     

Effects of road dust on the growth characteristics of Sophora japonica L. seedlings

Road dust is one of the most common pollutants and causes a series of negative effects on plant physiology. Dust's impacts on plants can be regarded as a combination of load,composition and grain size impacts on plants; however, there is a lack of integrated dust effect studies involving these three aspects. In our study, Sophora japonica seedlings were artificially dusted with road dust collected from the road surface of Beijing so that we could study the impacts of this dust on nitrogen/carbon allocation, biomass allocation and photosynthetic pigments from the three aspects of composition, load and grain size. The results showed that the growth characteristics of S. japonica seedlings were mostly influenced by dust composition and load. Leaf N, root–shoot ratio and chlorophyll a/b were significantly affected by dust composition and load; leaf C/N, shoot biomass, total chlorophyll and carotenoid were significantly affected by dust load; stem N and stem C/N were significantly affected by dust composition; while the dust grain size alone did not affect any of the growth characteristics. Road dust did influence the growth characteristics more extensively than loam. Therefore, a higher dust load could increase the differences between road dust and loam treatments. The elements in dust are well correlated to the shoot N, shoot C/N, and root–shoot ratio of S. japonica seedlings. This knowledge could benefit the management of urban green spaces.     

缸内直喷汽油机排放PM_(2.5)的理化特征及影响因素

通过发动机台架实验研究了发动机的转速、负荷对缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机排放PM_(2.5)的排放水平、化学组成及颗粒物数浓度等的影响.结果表明:GDI汽油机排放PM_(2.5),OC,EC的排放因子分别为(49.8±28.2),(21.6±6.9),(11.4±10.8)mg/kg.低转速时,PM_(2.5)排放量随着负荷的增加先减少后增加,中、高转速时随着负荷的增加逐渐增加.碳质气溶胶是GDI汽油机排放的PM_(2.5)的主要组成成分,有机物(OM)和元素碳(EC)分别占PM_(2.5)的45.6%~70.6%和7.9%~42.7%.PM_(2.5)数浓度呈核态(10nmDp30nm)和积聚态(30nmDp200nm)的双峰分布,数浓度排放量比进气道喷射(PFI)汽油机高2个数量级,不同转速下积聚态颗粒数浓度随着负荷的增加而增加.     

环丙沙星在石英砂中的吸附迁移特征及参数分析

通过批量静态吸附实验,分析不同pH、离子强度、粒径下环丙沙星在石英砂上的吸附特征,实验数据用Langmuir与Freundlich两个方程进行拟合;并做室内石英砂柱迁移实验,探讨了不同因素对环丙沙星在石英砂中运移的影响;获得了示踪剂Br-和环丙沙星的穿透曲线,并用HYDRUS-1D软件对实验结果进行了模拟.研究表明:环丙沙星在石英砂上的吸附能力与pH、离子强度及粒径大小成负相关.随着pH、离子强度及粒径增大,出流时间变短,达到C/C_0峰值的时间也变短,从出流到相对浓度衰减为零整个过程的时间跨度越小.在低离子强度下,环丙沙星在不同粒径的石英砂中的运移,一般粒径越大,出流越早,峰值越高.描述溶质运移的非平衡一点模型(OSM)能够较好地模拟环丙沙星在石英砂中的运移过程,用数值反演得到的参数所求出的阻滞因子R_d值比根据Freundlich方程拟合得到的参数求出的R_d值要小,但它们均符合静态吸附实验和动态迁移实验的特点.pH越大,模拟得到的分配系数K_d值越小,分形系数β值、一阶速率系数ω值均很小且无明显变化规律;离子强度越大,模拟得到的分配系数Kd值、分形系数β值及一阶速率系数ω值就越小.