Conservation value of small reserves

The importance of large reserves has been long maintained in the scientific literature, often leading to dismissal of the conservation potential of small reserves. However, over half the global protected-area inventory is composed of protected areas that are <100 ha, and the median size of added protected area is decreasing. Studies of the conservation value of small reserves and fragments of natural area are relatively uncommon in the literature. We reviewed SCOPUS and WOK for studies on small reserve and fragment contributions to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, and fifty-eight taxon-specific studies were included in the review. Small reserves harbored substantial portions (upward of 50%) of regional species diversity for many taxa (birds, plants, amphibians, and small mammals) and even some endemic, specialist bird species. Unfortunately, small reserves and fragments almost always harbored more generalist and exotic species than large reserves. Community composition depended on habitat quality, surrounding land use (agricultural vs. urban), and reserve and fragment size, which presents opportunities for management and improvement. Small reserves also provided ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological pest control, and cultural services, such as recreation and improved human health. Limitations associated with small reserves, such as extinction debt and support of area-sensitive species, necessitate a complement of larger reserves. However, we argue that small reserves can make viable and significant contributions to conservation goals directly as habitat and indirectly by increasing landscape connectivity and quality to the benefit of large reserves. To effectively conserve biodiversity for future generations in landscapes fragmented by human development, small reserves and fragments must be included in conservation planning.     

广州市不同粒径大气颗粒物有机提取物的致突变性研究

为了了解广州市大气气溶胶中不同粒径颗粒物中有机物的污染水平以及其对人体健康的影响 ,用 6段分级采样器分段采集 相似文献   

不同高度大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的粒径分布

在天津地区20m,40m和60m三个不同高度同步采集冬季大气颗粒物中PM10样品,测定了16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量．不同高度PM10中PAHs的含量均表现出大气颗粒物中随高度先增后降的趋势,颗粒物质量中值直径(MMD)也呈现类似规律,但PAHs总浓度的MMD则呈向上递增的趋势．不同高度PAHs的粒径分布差别不大,高分子量的PAHs主要集中在空气动力学直径Dp＜2um的细颗粒上,而Dp＞2um的粗颗粒上低分子量的PAHs相对较多．     

交通来源颗粒物粒径谱分布及其与能见度关系

对谭裕沟隧道内颗粒物的浓度谱进行了分析,研究了交通来源颗粒物的粒径浓度谱分布特征,并且探讨了不同粒径颗粒物对能见度的影响.结果表明,细粒子的污染比较严重,是影响能见度的主要因素.      

Evaluation of the explosibility of malt grain dust based on static electrification during pneumatic transportation

The possibility of dust explosions by static electricity in a malt grain silo was investigated. Two kinds of experimental equipment were applied. One was to supply electrostatic charge in order to investigate the charge build up characteristics. The other was to transport the malt grain pneumatically in order to investigate the frictional charge accumulation in the transportation system.

The particle charge of the pulverized malt grain was in the order of 10⁻¹⁴ C. The particle charge of the malt grain was in the order of 10⁻⁹ C and the pipe charge in the transport system was also in the order of 10⁻⁹ C. The charge accumulated on both the pulverized particle and the grain particle were small in view of the incendiary potentiality. However, attention must be paid when the particles are dumped into isolated space. There might be a charge accumulation that will lead to the ignition of the dust cloud.     

21世纪前期长江流域粮食产业发展对策

长江流域光、热、水、土等农业资源时空组合优势明显,土地自然生产力较高,粮食生产在全国占有重要地位。21世纪初中国加入WTO以后,长江流域作为“大米带”的优势将更为明显。长江流域粮食产业发展除应考虑国家宏观发展战略,需要采用与国家粮食产业发展相协调的政策体系外,还应解决自身存在的总量不稳、产业化程度低、产业效益差以及品种结构不合理等问题。     

Consistent Ecological Selectivity through Time in Pacific Island Avian Extinctions

Abstract: Understanding the ecological mechanisms that lead to extinction is a central goal of conservation. Can understanding ancient avian extinctions help to predict extinction risk in modern birds? I used classification trees trained on both paleoecological and historical data from islands across the Pacific to determine the ecological traits associated with extinction risk. Intrinsic traits, including endemism, large body size, and certain feeding guilds, were tightly linked with avian extinction over the past 3500 years. Species ecology and phylogeny were better predictors of extinction risk through time than extrinsic or abiotic factors. Although human impacts on birds and their habitats have changed over time, modern endangered birds share many of the same ecological characteristics as victims of previous extinction waves. My use of detailed predictions of extinction risk to identify species potentially in need of conservation attention demonstrates the utility of paleoecological knowledge for modern conservation biology.     

Phytoavailability and Fractions of Iron and Manganese in Calcareous Soil Amended with Composted Urban Wastes

Little is known about the effects of applying composted urban wastes on the phytoavailability and distribution of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) among chemical fractions in soil. In order to study this concern several experiments in pots containing calcareous soil were carried out. The received treatments by adding separately two rates (20 and 80 Mg ha^?1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and/or municipal solid waste and sewage sludge (MSW-SS) co-compost. The cropping sequence was a lettuce crop followed by a barley crop. It was observed that treatments amended with composted urban wastes tended to promote slight increases in lettuce yield compared to the control. The highest Fe levels in lettuce were found when higher rates of MSW-SS co-compost were applied; these values were significant compared to those obtained in the other treatments. In all cases, the application of organic materials increased the concentration and uptake of Mn in lettuce compared to the control; however, these increases were significant only when higher rates of MSW compost were applied. The organic amendments had beneficial delayed effects on barley yields, showing, in most cases, significant increases compared to the control. In this context, treatments with MSW compost were found to be more effective than the equivalent treatments amended with MSW-SS co-compost. Compared to the control, composted urban wastes increased Fe concentration in straw and rachis, and decreased Fe concentration in barley grain. Similarly, a decreased concentration of Mn in the dry matter of barley crop grown in soils treated with composted urban wastes was observed.     

Removal Efficiency Simulation and Characterization Analysis of Particles Behavior in a Stormwater Wetland During Dry Days： A Case Study in Janghwa-do,Korea

Particles behaviour was monitored and analyzed in a stormwater wetland over a period of 4 months (June-September, 2009). The results indicated that the particles behaviour can be affected by many proce...     

Sample size requirements for multiple regression interval estimation

Sample size planning is one of the most important issues in the design of a study. Simple and accurate sample size formulas for a desired confidence interval width have been developed for many statistical procedures, but a simple and accurate sample size formula for the squared multiple correlation has been a notable exception. Several rule‐of‐thumb sample size recommendations for a multiple regression analysis have been proposed over the years but none are satisfactory. Other approaches have focused on the construction of elaborate tables of sample size requirements, but these tables are both unwieldy and inadequate. We present a simple, accurate, and general method of approximating the sample size requirement for obtaining a squared multiple correlation confidence interval with desired precision. We also present a simple method for approximating the sample size needed to estimate unstandardized regression coefficients with desired precision. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.