高产粮区不同施肥模式下玉米季农田氮素损失途径分析

研究不同施肥模式下土壤氮素损失的途径,有助于制定合理的施肥措施.2009年在山东桓台典型高产粮区设置了4种施肥模式：对照(CK)、 农民习惯(FP)、 优化施肥(OPT)和控释肥(CRF）,监测了土壤水氮动态和作物生长状况,采用水氮管理模型（WNMM）模拟了不同施肥模式下玉米季土壤的水分动态和氮素去向.2009年夏玉米季3个施肥处理的氮素淋失量占施肥量的比例范围为6%～18%,平均为12.7%,其中优化施肥处理的氮素淋失量最低,仅为14.5 kg·hm^-2.氨挥发量所占的比例范围为5%～34%,平均为20.7%,其中控释肥处理的氨挥发量最低,仅为7.6 kg·hm^-2.4个处理的氮素总损失量顺序为：FP处理> OPT处理>CRF处理≈CK处理.本研究表明在保证作物产量的前提下,优化施肥和施用缓控释肥均可以有效减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用效率和保护生态环境.     

不同水期鄱阳湖主要污染物河流入湖通量研究

通过同步监测2010年-2013年入湖监测断面水质和水量,分别计算了丰水期、平水期和枯水期以及全年入湖污染物通量.结果表明,2010年-2013年,入湖10个断面水质达标率在80％～100％之间,化学需氧量均是进入鄱阳湖的主要污染物.各污染物主要通过赣江主支、赣江中支、赣江南支、赣江北支、信江西支和饶河6条河流进入鄱阳湖;氨氮浓度年均值与水量相关性均呈负相关,而化学需氧量、总磷和总氮浓度年均值与水量无明显相关性.     

广西某城市饮用水水源地重金属健康风险评价

为阐明城市饮用水水源地重金属污染物的健康风险水平,根据广西某市主要的3处饮用水水源地水质监测结果,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,对水源地原水中Cr、As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Hg、Fe和Zn等重金属通过饮用水途径引起的环境健康风险进行评价。结果表明:非致癌物质对成人和儿童引起的总非致癌风险在10-10~10-9a-1之间,远低于US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平(10-4a-1);致癌物质对成人和儿童引起的人均年致癌风险大小顺序均为CrAsCd;河流、湖库型水源地总致癌风险均超过US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平(10-4a-1),其中儿童人群总致癌风险在8.43×10-5~6.26×10-4a-1之间,明显高于成人6.05×10-5~4.52×10-4a-1的水平。Cr对儿童和成人总致癌风险贡献最高,是最主要的致癌物。     

儿童对不同形状字体警示语标识的眼动特征

为研究儿童对不同形状字体警示语标识的视觉注意特征,将字体形状为单一变量的警示语标识图片作为视觉刺激材料,利用Eye-Link Ⅱ型眼动仪记录了30名小学生观看这些图片时的注视点个数和首次注视时间等试验数据,用SPSS分析了注视点个数和首次注视时间,基于视觉注意理论结合主观调查问卷结果表明:1)被试者对黑体字体注意程度最大;2)儿童对不同形状字体警示语标识的注意程度由大到小为黑体、隶书、宋体(楷体)、幼圆.     

Exploitation of renewable energy resources for environment‐friendly sustainable development in Saudi Arabia

The recent increase in energy costs, driven by a surge in oil prices, has increased world‐wide efforts on the exploitation of renewable/wind energy resources for environment‐friendly sustainable development and to mitigate future energy challenges. Moreover, experience in the wind energy industry has reached high levels in the field of manufacturing and application. This inevitably increases the merits of wind energy exploitation. In order to exploit wind resources, through the establishment of wind power plants, specific attention must be focused on the characteristics of wind and wind machines. The literature indicates that wind‐energy resources are relatively better along coastlines. In the present study, long‐term hourly mean wind speed data for the period 1986–2003, recorded at Dhahran (Eastern Coastal region, Saudi Arabia), has been analysed to examine the wind characteristics including (but not limited to): yearly/monthly/diurnal variations of wind speed, frequency distribution of wind speed, impact of hub‐height/machine‐size on energy production, etc. Data have been checked/validated for completeness. Data analysis indicated that long‐term monthly average wind speeds ranged from 3.8 to 5.8 m/s.

Concurrently, the study determined monthly average daily energy generation from different sizes of commercial wind machines (150, 250, 600 kW, etc.) to assess the impact of wind machine size on energy yield. The study also estimated annual energy production (MWh/year) from wind farms of different capacities (3, 6, 12, 24 MW, etc.) by utilising different commercial wind energy conversion systems (WECS). It was observed that, for a given 6 MW wind farm size, a cluster of 150 kW wind machines (at 50 m hub‐height) yielded about 32% more energy when compared to a cluster of 600 kW wind machines. The study also estimated the cost of wind‐based electricity (COE, US$/kWh) by using different capacities of commercial WECS. It was found that the COE per kWh is 0.045 US$/kWh for 150 kW wind machine (at 50 m hub‐height) whereas COE was 0.039 US$/kWh for 600 kW wind machine (at 50 m hub‐height). The study also dealt with wind turbine characteristics (such as capacity factor and availability factor). These characteristics are important indicators of wind turbine performance evaluation.     

PM2.5对小鼠和H9C2细胞心肌肥大相关因子mRNA表达的影响

用采自太原市4个不同季节的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))对小鼠心肌细胞H9C2进行染毒后,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测心肌肥大相关因子ANP和TGF-β的mRNA水平.采用浓度分别为0、1、3、10μg·mL~(-1)的冬季PM_(2.5)处理H9C2细胞后,检测心肌肥大相关因子ANP、β-MHC、MMP2和MMP9的mRNA水平.之后分别选取4周龄、4月龄、10月龄C57BL/6雌性小鼠作为实验模型,采用咽后壁滴注的方法用3 mg·kg~(-1) PM_(2.5)暴露4周.采用苏木素-伊红染色(HE)对小鼠心脏组织病理切片进行观察,并检测ANP和β-MHC的mRNA水平.结果发现,与对照组相比,冬季PM_(2.5)诱导H9C2细胞中ANP和TGF-β的mRNA水平升高最为显著;其中,当冬季PM_(2.5)染毒浓度较高时可诱导ANP、β-MHC、MMP2和MMP9的mRNA水平均显著升高.经PM_(2.5)暴露4周后,幼年和老年小鼠心肌细胞核质比显著降低.老年小鼠心脏组织中ANP和β-MHC的mRNA表达水平显著上升.实验表明,冬季PM_(2.5)诱导心肌肥大标志物表达改变的效应要强于其他季节,且有一定的剂量效应关系,而老年小鼠对PM_(2.5)诱导的心肌肥大效应最为敏感.     

沙漠地区边界层高度的提高与尘卷风起沙量的变化

在YSU（Yonsei University）边界层参数化方案的基础上,采用一种经验修正边界层RYSU（Revised YSU）方案,其模拟的边界层高度与观测相吻合.同时利用尘卷风起沙方案,获得了2019年腾格里沙漠夏季尘卷风起沙量的时空分布,结果表明,在08：00~18：00时,RYSU方案模拟的整点尘卷风瞬时起沙量和起沙范围均高于YSU方案,前者的起沙量和范围最大的时刻是15：00时,较后者迟1h,它与腾格里沙漠观测的尘卷风出现频率更接近.采用RYSU方案6~8月研究区每日的总起沙量几乎是采用YSU方案的3倍左右,RYSU方案估算的最大瞬时起沙量比YSU方案更接近用观测的边界层最大高度计算的值.     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China: Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Abstract

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands (FRFG) is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national (country)—regional (province)—local (county)—household (farmer) level scale, and the results are: driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types: industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers' income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers' demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.