Phospholipid fatty acid patterns of microbial communities in paddy soil under different fertilizer treatments

The microbial communities under irrigated rice cropping with different fertilizer treatments, including control （CK）, PK, NK, NP, NPK fertilization, were investigated using phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profile method. The results of this study revealed that the fertilizer practice had an impact on the community structure of specific microbial groups. The principal components analysis （PCA） showed that proportion of the actinomycete PLFAs （10Me 18：0 and 10Me 16：0） were the lowest in the PK treatment and the highest in the NPK treatment, which means that soil nitrogen status affected the diversity of actinomycetes, whereas nitrogen cycling was related to the actinomycets. Under CK treatment, the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria was lower compared with that in fertilizer addition treatments, indicating that fertilizer application stimulated Gram-positive bacterial population in paddy soil. The fatty acid 18：2to6,9, which is considered to be predominantly of fungal origin, was at low level in all the treatments. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 to7, which has been proposed as an indicator of stress conditions, decreased in PK treatment. Changes of soil microbial community under different fertilizer treatments of paddy soil were detected in this study; however, the causes that lead to changes in the microbial community still needs further study.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.     

基于粘弹性人工边界的掉层结构地震响应分析

为实现山地建筑结构土-结相互作用体系的动力分析,基于粘弹性人工边界理论,利用Matlab编写了用于Abaqus自动施加粘弹性人工边界与外源波动等效节点力的程序,采用该程序模拟的地基无限域外源波动模型的动力响应符合波动理论,验证了该程序的准确性.将采用粘弹性人工边界的土-结相互作用体系与底柱固接的刚性地基分别应用于山地地...     

铁路线路坡度对列车运行能耗的影响分析

基于列车运行功能转化方程,分析铁路线路坡度对列车运行能耗的影响,阐述线路坡度起伏、拔起高度、节能坡等选线设计要素对列车运行能耗的影响机理,得出坡度对列车运行能耗影响显著、线路起伏在相应的"临界坡度"值以下对列车运行能耗无影响、拔起高度与下坡坡段长度比值可近似判别线路方案的节能状态等结论,以期为铁路线路选线提供能耗影响方...     

Sensitivity of the DERMA long-range Gaussian dispersion model to meteorological input and diffusion parameters

The Danish Emergency Response Model of the Atmosphere (DERMA) is described and applied to the first ETEX experiment. By using analysed low-resolution numerical weather-prediction data from the global model of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) as well as higher-resolution data from two versions of the High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM), which are operational at the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), the sensitivity of DERMA to the resolution of meteorological data is analysed by comparing DERMA results with concentration measurements. Furthermore, the sensitivity to boundary-layer height and diffusion parameters is studied. These parameters include the critical bulk Richardson number, which is used to estimate the atmospheric boundary-layer height, the horizontal eddy diffusivity and the Lagrangian turbulence time scale. The parameters, which provide the best performance of DERMA, are 0.25 for the critical bulk Richardson number, 6×10³ m² s^-1 for the horizontal eddy diffusivity, and 3 h for the Lagrangian time scale. DERMA is much more sensitive to boundary-layer parameters when using high-resolution DMI-HIRLAM data than when using data of lower resolution from the ECMWF. Finally, the bulk Richardson number method of boundary-layer height calculation applied to DMI-HIRLAM data is verified directly against routine radiosondes released under the tracer gas plume. The boundary-layer height estimates based on analysed NWP model data agree well with observations, and the agreement deteriorates as a function of forecast length.     

航空煤油薄油层燃烧特性实验研究

为研究薄油层燃烧特性,开展航空煤油薄层油池火实验,分析油品燃烧的整个过程、燃烧速率、火焰高度和辐射反馈等参数随时间的变化规律。结果表明:整个薄层燃烧过程除发展、稳定和熄灭阶段外,还存在薄层燃烧衰减阶段。稳定阶段的燃烧速率与初始油层厚度相关,但随着厚度的增加其逐渐趋于稳定;薄层燃烧衰减阶段,燃烧速率会随着实时油层厚度的下降逐渐降低。对比火焰高度的实测值和模型预测值发现,Heskestad模型的预测更接近实际结果;燃烧发展阶段后,火焰辐射反馈基本维持稳定,受初始厚度的影响较小,但辐射透射强度会随着油层厚度的降低而增加,且增速逐渐加快,表明辐射透射在薄层燃烧衰退阶段中起到关键作用。结合辐射透射的变化规律,将辐射反馈分为可吸收和不可吸收2部分,并提出用于预测辐射透射大小的经验模型。     

中国燃煤电厂脱硝成本核算与影响因素分析

脱硝电价政策是激励中国燃煤电厂开展NOX减排工作的重要政策工具,制定补贴标准是脱硝电价政策的重要内容。脱硝成本影响脱硝电价,科学核算脱硝成本是脱硝电价政策设计的前提。依据脱硝成本与脱硝电价的关系,综合考虑燃煤电厂进行脱硝设施改造产生的建设成本、运行成本、财务成本以及环境损失成本,构建了脱硝成本核算模型,并结合电厂调研数据,核算出中国燃煤电厂脱硝成本。结果表明,燃煤机组脱硝成本均在1 480万~4 475万元;建设成本与运行成本是脱硝成本的重要组成部分,分别占脱硝成本总量的31%、51%;装机容量、建设类型、脱硝工艺是导致不同机组脱硝成本存在差异的主要原因;燃煤电厂脱硝电价政策的改革在于综合考虑所在区域、装机容量、脱硝工艺、建设类型、脱硝效率等因素的基础上,实行脱硝电价差别补贴政策。     

Numerical studies on the thermal regimes of the horizontal tube falling film evaporation under varying feeder height

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses about the effect of feeder height and heat flux on the heat transfer characteristics of horizontal tube falling film evaporation in the thermal regimes. In order to investigate this, a two- dimensional CFD model was developed to perform simulation and results were compared and validated with published data available in the literature. Heat transfer co-efficients in the thermal regimes were determined from the CFD simulation and the results were recorded, analyzed and validated with the mathematical models available in the literature. The novelty of the current study is to predict the commencement of the fully developed thermal region over the tube from the simulation model under varying feeder height and heat flux. An effort was also made to measure the liquid film thickness around the tube from the CFD model in the thermal regimes. It is observed that angle of thermally developing region contracts and fully developed thermal region extends with the increase of the feeder height and heat flux. It is observed from the study that increase of heat flux by 10 kW/m² resulted in increase of heat transfer co-efficient value by 10–12% average in thermally developing region and 12–15% average in fully developed region. Thinnest liquid film thickness observed between 85 and 127°angle. Shifting of thinnest region of liquid film upward from the mid tube with the increase of the feeder height and heat flux is noted.     

石楠不同季节除菌功能的调查与测定

通过对石楠不同季节单株和组群对环境除菌功能的调查与测定表明,春季除菌功能优于冬季,组群的除菌功能优于单株,同一植株离植株距离近的除菌功能效果明显.与对照相比,单株及组群的除菌功能优于裸地.     

辽西北玉米不同生长阶段干旱灾害风险阈值的确定

以辽宁省西北6个市为研究区,选取玉米为研究对象,将其划分为播种期、苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆成熟期几个重要的生长阶段,综合气象与气候学、自然地理学、灾害科学、作物生态学和自然灾害风险科学等多学科的理论和方法,在充分考虑影响玉米干旱灾害动态风险的自然因素和人为因素的基础上,利用AHP、加权综合评价法、自然灾害指数法建立了玉米干旱灾害动态风险评价指标体系及模型;通过选取典型干旱案例年,运用最优分割理论在综合考虑玉米产量损失的基础上确定了玉米不同生长阶段的干旱灾害风险阈值,并用于玉米不同生长阶段干旱灾害风险值与玉米因旱减产损失的相关分析中。结果表明:辽西北地区玉米因旱减产损失与苗期干旱灾害风险值相关系数最大,玉米受苗期干旱灾害影响最严重;在灌浆成熟期相关性也较显著,受其影响也较大,这与辽西北地区春旱发生频率最高,伏旱时常发生的事实相符合。