毫米波云雷达与激光云高仪气象探测性能对比分析

为评估毫米波云雷达及激光云高仪的探测性能,选取广州市气象局KA波段毫米波云雷达和激光云高仪云高观测数据,通过对比两种测云设备在相同条件下的差异,分析不同要素对观测设备的影响,结果表明：(1)毫米波云雷达与激光云高仪同时探测到有云时,二者在云底高度观测上吻合程度较高,相关系数为0.98;(2)在数据获取率上,云雷达对高云的探测能力明显优于激光云高仪,但在对低云的探测能力上还有待提高,和激光云高仪相比,云雷达对低云和中云的识别能力有待提高;(3)对于多层云的观测,低层云的遮挡降低了激光云高仪对中高层云的观测,激光云高仪探测的中高层云多数在云雷达的回波内部.(4)对于不同强度的降水,日降水量越多,该天所测得的高、中云层回波就越少.(5)通过边界层高度与污染物的关系分析可以得出,边界层高度与PM2.5浓度呈反比.这些研究能够对毫米波云雷达和激光云高仪的探测能力进行评估,为后续选择设备提供参考,也推动了云观测技术的发展.     

防护堤高度对LNG扩散行为影响研究

防护堤是LNG储罐区重要的安全措施之一,防护堤高度对于LNG的扩散行为具有显著影响。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)研究半地下LNG储罐区不同防护堤高度下的LNG液池和LNG蒸气云扩散行为,对比分析储罐区底面积和防护堤高度对LNG蒸气扩散距离和扩散速度影响。结果表明防护堤高度的增加可有效减小LNG蒸气云的0.5倍燃烧下限(LFL)扩散距离。因此,对于同一种半地下LNG储罐区,在液池充分扩展前,可燃气云最大扩散距离与储罐区底面积成正比,防护堤高度的增加可减小LNG可燃气云的扩散距离。研究结果可指导LNG加气站半地下LNG储罐区防护堤的设置。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil from three typical industrial areas in Beijing, China

Areas containing industrial facilities belonging to three different typical industries that may cause pollution by polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in Beijing, China were investigated. Specifically, the areas contained a solid waste incineration plant, a chemical factory, and a heat and power plant. Investigation of the pollution status of PBDEs in the surface soil from areas around these industries revealed the highest concentration of 42 PBDE congeners （118 ng/g, dry mass） at the solid waste incineration plant. In the other two plants, the highest concentrations were both 26 ng/g （dry mass）. Among the PBDE homologues, the PBDE contamination at all sites showed similar congener compositions, with BDE 209 being the dominant congener. Our findings established the first contamination status of three typical industrial areas in Beijing. Furthermore, the total concentrations of 42 PBDE congeners tended to decrease as the distance from the investigated plants increased. Overall, these plants were identified as potential pollution sources of PBDEs in Beijing. Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the major PBDE source in Beijing may be associated with the technical deca-BDE and penta-BDE mixture. Based on the data obtained in this preliminary investigation, further study of the potential of these sources to emit PBDEs in Beijing is warranted.     

西安城区温暖季节大气CO2浓度的变化

利用红外CO₂分析仪对西安市雁塔区南二环西段CO₂浓度进行昼夜观测,研究大气CO₂昼夜动态规律及其影响因素。监测结果显示,CO₂浓度昼夜变化可分为2∶00—6∶00,8∶00—12∶00,14∶00—20∶00,22∶00—24∶00四个阶段。7月份四个阶段的浓度依次为较高→最高→最低→较低,呈现出双峰模态;10月份为浓度较低→较高→最低→最高,呈现出极不对称双峰模态。7月与10月CO₂浓度的周内与周末变化规律有相似之处,同时也存在差异。在80 m高度范围内,白天CO₂浓度均随着高度的增加而降低,夜间CO₂在高度上的变化不稳定,且10月份CO₂浓度明显高于7月份。温度影响CO₂浓度变化,但在不同月份,温度的影响存在明显差异。CO₂浓度变化主要与植物的光合作用有关。季节变化和植被比人类活动对CO₂浓度变化的影响更大。     

广州不同站点类型PM2.5与O3污染特征及相互作用

基于2015~2019年广州4个不同国控站点类型的大气污染物监测数据,研究了广州各站点类型颗粒物（PM_2.5）和臭氧（O₃）的污染特征,并分析了O₃污染季节和PM_2.5污染季节PM_2.5和O₃的相关性及相互作用.结果表明：2015~2019年广州各站点类型PM_2.5浓度总体呈下降趋势,O₃浓度呈上升趋势.不同污染季节PM_2.5与O₃浓度均呈正相关.O₃污染季节二次PM_2.5的生成对颗粒物的影响显著大于一次PM_2.5,随着光化学水平的升高,一次PM_2.5的贡献浓度基本不变（均在21.03~31.37μg/m³范围内）,贡献率逐渐下降;而二次PM_2.5的贡献浓度逐渐升高（3.51~7.72 μg/m³升高到16.04~18.45μg/m³）,贡献率也逐渐升高（11%~27%升高到34%~44%）,且呈倍数增加.不同站点类型贡献差异明显,背景站点二次PM_2.5的贡献最大,城区站点在中和高光化学水平下二次PM_2.5的贡献最小;PM_2.5污染季节各站点类型在不同PM_2.5污染水平下O₃浓度均具有差异性,总体上均呈现背景站点>郊区站点>城区站点的特点.气溶胶的消光作用和非均相反应均显著促进O₃生成,随着PM_2.5浓度升高,各站点类型的O₃浓度峰值逐渐升高,由62.12~83.82μg/m³升高到92.49~135.4μg/m³;O₃变化率峰值也逐渐升高,由8.42~10.02μg/（m³·h）升高到21.33~27.04μg/（m³·h）.进一步促进了广州PM_2.5和O₃浓度的协同增长.     

Safety Level of Acrobatic Work: A Probabilistic Study

Acrobatic work constitutes an activity during which individuals intervene on buildings, cliffs, towers, and so forth, through the use of mountaineering or speleological techniques. The most dangerous situations occur particularly when ascending a rope with ascenders or roping with a descender. Any free fall or false manoeuvre will result in a strong shock on the belaying system that may cause its rupture. The fatal accident rate (FAR) of a given occupation is defined as the average number of fatal accidents per 10⁸ hrs of exposure to a given hazard. In this study it is assumed that the FAR is proportional to the average number of fall-initiating events, η, per worker and per hour of exposure to the fall hazard. η is estimated to be between 10^-3 and 3 × 10^-3. The maximum values of the rupture probability of the securing systems are calculated for the FAR of acrobatic work to be smaller than the FAR of the three most dangerous activity groups of the construction industry in France. These values allow the varying ranges of the parameters that influence this rupture probability to be determined.     

Test Method for Retractable Type Fall Arresters Designed for Horizontal Use

Retractable type fall arresters are designed to protect against falls from a height of people who need freedom of vertical movement. The practice of fall protection shows that the devices are also used to protect people who work on flat roofs. This application creates quite different operating conditions for the devices. In some situations those conditions can be dangerous for users. The article presents a theoretical analysis of phenomena occurring during a fall arrest with retractable type fall arresters arranged horizontally. The analysis was verified with laboratory tests. The article presents a proposal for the construction of a test stand and a test method for estimating retractable type fall arresters intended for horizontal use.     

Locking of Retractable Type Fall Arresters—Test Method and Stand

Retractable type fall arresters are very effective personal equipment protecting against falls from a height. These devices are used under different atmospheric conditions and in the presence of various types of industrial pollution. For this reason appropriate locking after conditioning simulating extreme conditions of a worksite is one of the essential characteristics of retractable type fall arresters. This article presents the requirements for locking of the devices. A previously used locking test method and its disadvantages are discussed. The article suggests an improved test method and test equipment. Measurement of the test mass acceleration is the most important improvement introduced into the test method. The article shows laboratory tests used to verify the method, which turned out to be a valuable source of information concerning the performance of retractable type fall arresters.     

Model for predicting peak expiratory flow rate of Nigerian workers in a cement factory in Itori,Ogun State,Nigeria

The main aim of the study was to propose a model for predicting the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of Nigerian workers in a cement factory. Sixty randomly selected non-smoker and healthy workers (30 in production sections, 30 in the administrative section of the factory) participated in the study. Their physical characteristics and PEFR were measured. Multiple correlations using SPSS version 16.0 were performed on the data. The values of PEFR, using the obtained model, were compared with the measured values using a two-tailed t test. There were positive correlations among age, height and PEFR. A prediction equation for PEFR based on age, height, weight and years of exposure (experience) was obtained with R²?=?.843 (p?<?0.001). The developed model will be useful for the management in determining PEFR of workers in the cement industry for possible medical attention.     

Thermal performance of a central annular cavity vessel with fins of a box-type solar cooker

Solar cooker is an alternate device used for reducing the problems of energy supply for cooking needs, especially in rural households. Though solar cookers have been commercialised in rural and other domestic areas, further research is still required to enhance the efficiency of the solar cooker. Previous studies have helped to ascertain that the central annular cylindrical hole in the cooking vessel reduces the length of the heat-transfer path and provides higher heat-transfer rate to the water kept in the vessel. Convective heat transfer can be further increased by providing additional surface area in the cylindrical hole. This study proposes a new cooking vessel with central annular cavity and fins attachment that will help in increasing the heat-transfer rate to the cooking vessel. Experiments are conducted with three types of vessels, i.e. conventional cooking vessel, cooking vessel with central annular cavity and cooking vessel with rectangular fins in the central annular cavity. For the annular cavity with fins vessel, a peak temperature of 98°C is observed. The maximum temperature difference of 30°C has been observed between annular cavity vessel with fins and conventional vessel. As the height of the lug is also expected to play an important role, experiments are conducted to determine the effect of lug height on the heat transfer to the cooking vessel. This study indicates that a lug height of 9 mm is optimum for maximum heat transfer to the cooking vessel.