考虑人群拥堵的疏散出口选择行为研究及建模

出口选择是疏散过程中最重要和复杂的决策行为之一,受到空间结构、人群分布和行人认知等多方面因素的影响,为了使疏散仿真能够合理地模拟出行人的寻路和逃生过程,提出了考虑人群拥堵的出口选择模型。该模型基于多元Logit离散选择模型,考虑到影响个体疏散时间的因素以及对不同出口类型的偏好。研究发现个体的疏散时间随着拥堵人群位置的不同而有所差异,从而以决策者而不是出口的角度定义了一个计数区域来估计影响决策者排队时间的人数。并且研究出口重新选择的触发条件和程序。将出口选择模型和程序引入BuildingEXODUS软件进行疏散仿真,通过对比显示,仿真结果更符合真实情况,特别是在具有障碍物和人群分布不均匀的场景中更显优势。     

The time process of post‐earthquake recovery: the Yao'an earthquake in China

Post‐disaster recovery is a constantly changing and developing process. The authors conducted three real‐name follow‐up surveys at 1, 12 and 18 months after the Yao'an earthquake, which had a surface wave magnitude of 6.0. They also calculated recovery ratios at different times and drew post‐earthquake domestic life recovery curves. Based on the recovery curves, the time trajectory of domestic life recovery takes on an approximate S‐type development and change process. The recovery time process of domestic life can be divided into four periods: emergency period (weeks 0–2(5)), early recovery period (weeks 2(5)–24), rapid recovery period (weeks 24–34) and late recovery period (weeks 34–60(80)).     

Organic matter balances in anaerobic digestors

Organic carbon and COD balances in a system of 12 anaerobic units operating at organic loading levels 0.4–0.8 kg COD/m³.d and hydraulic detention times 8–20 d resulted in a mean CH₄ production of 341 ml/g COD converted and a mean CH₄ + CO₂ production 1815 ml/g OC converted. The gas retained in the liquid anaerobic effluent was mainly carbon dioxide (94–98%).     

高抽巷层位对采空区自燃危险性影响的数值模拟分析

针对高抽巷抽采瓦斯可能诱发的采空区自燃问题,以大佛寺煤矿40108工作面构建采空区气体渗流模型,分析了不同垂距和平距下高抽巷抽采瓦斯时对采空区自燃危险性的影响。结果表明:高抽巷与煤层顶板的垂距越大,氧化升温带的宽度越大,采空区自燃危险性越高。高抽巷距回风巷平距为30m时,氧化升温带的宽度最小,采空区自燃危险性最低。依据研究结论,结合高抽巷抽采瓦斯时的层位要求,分析得出大佛寺煤矿40108工作面高抽巷最佳位置为距煤层顶板垂距30m,距回风巷平距30m处。     

劳动负荷与作业能力研究

劳动负荷的提高会导致作业疲劳,但适当的劳动负荷对作业能力的提高可能有一定促进作用。设计实验,分析了RPE值和相对心率的相关性,并以相对心率和RPE值为解释变量,分析了它们和反应时、两点阈之间的关系,发现反应时和两点阈在负荷增加过程中存在一个最小值点,而导致这个点出现的劳动负荷即为最佳负荷。以此最佳负荷量安排作业对合理利用劳动力,提高劳动效率,保护劳动者有一定的意义。     

Biokinetic modeling of heavy metals in earthworms

Studies concerning bioaccumulation kinetics and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of heavy metals like zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) in earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae tissues including integument, gizzard, clitellum, and head region were undertaken. Calculated BCF, predicted K _ow, and predicted K _oc showed a significant correlation between heavy metals in different earthworm tissues, in substrate spiked with heavy metals. The regression coefficient (r ²) between heavy metal uptake concentration and exposure time varied between 0.73 and 0.99, indicating significant correlation. The K _oc was a maximum of 13.9016 in case of Cu and integument at an exposure time of 100 days and a minimum of 0.1114 in case of Cr with respect to head at the same exposure time. Earthworms accumulated heavy metals following chronic exposure to municipal solid waste containing heavy metals. BCF and uptake rate kinetics of heavy metals were calculated and showed increased values in head tissue followed by integument.     

雌酮(E1)在土壤中的吸附特性

研究了平衡时间、温度、pH、离子强度和土壤粒径对E1(雌酮)在土壤中吸附特性的影响. 结果表明:E1在土壤中的等温吸附平衡时间约为0.5h;在温度为10、20和30℃条件下,土壤对E1的K_f(吸附系数)分别为24.72、14.18和9.39,K_d(分配系数)分别为34.79、24.15和13.51,表明随着温度的升高,土壤对E1的吸附量显著降低;土壤对E1的吸附量在pH由3.0增至6.0时呈降低趋势,在pH>6.0～9.0时保持稳定,然后随着pH进一步升高(>9.0～11.0)而继续降低;土壤对E1的吸附量在离子强度由0.005mol/L升至0.1mol/L时显著升高,在离子强度>0.1mol/L时保持稳定;砂粒、粉粒和黏粒对E1的K_f分别为5.17、12.79和25.22,K_d分别为6.80、16.11和39.95,即随着土壤粒径的减小,对于E1的吸附作用显著增加.      

An adaptive online safety assessment method for mechanical system with pre-warning function

The safety status of a dynamic mechanical system is determined by its historical, current and future states together. Therefore the safety assessment process of such system should have dynamic and diachronic characteristics, which helps to track the dynamic states of system and predict future probable danger in advance. In order to overcome the disadvantages of traditional static safety assessment approaches, the results from which are often delayed and prone to produce false alarms, an adaptive online safety assessment method is proposed in this paper, which consists of two steps. A dynamic adaptive weighting method is first introduced and an aggregation scheme based on “3-D” time perspective is further presented to integrate system’s historical, current and future safety performance in a unit framework, considering both of assessment and pre-warning functions. The proposed method is able to track and predict the safety status of system dynamically and discover the potential fault in time. Its feasibility and benefits are investigated with a field case study of gas turbine compressor system, which validates that the proposed method improves the accuracy of safety assessment in dynamic conditions, and finally helps to restrain the fault symptom by proactive maintenance successfully.     

火灾时人员疏散预动作时间的CDF表征法研究

为表征建筑物火灾环境下人员疏散预动作时间随机性,提出累积分布函数表征法,并给出根据已知累积分布曲线产生随机预动作时间的方法和步骤。对1993年发生在美国纽约2幢世贸中心双子大楼(WT1和WT2)的火灾案例进行分析。结果表明,前人提出的正态分布、威布尔分布等概率分布表征人员疏散预动作时间,具有一定的局限性,对WT1的数据比较适用,对于WT2数据完全失效。而应用累积分布函数法分别对WT1和WT2的数据进行表征,结果表明,模拟生成随机预动作时间的累积分布与原始数据的累积分布曲线完全吻合。同时,随机预动作时间的均值和标准差几乎与样本大小无关。     

超细微粒灭火剂抑制单室火灾的试验研究

通过试验测量燃烧区温度的变化过程,研究了超细微粒灭火剂在单室火灾模型下与4种不同类型火焰的相互作用、灭火时间和效果。结果表明,超细微粒灭火剂具有较好的全淹没灭火能力。当1 000g超细微粒灭火剂施放后,位于微粒灭火剂流动路径上的无遮挡火焰(中央火和角落火)能够被迅速扑灭,灭火时间分别为3.9 s和7.2 s;对于火源功率较小的顶棚火,由于火羽流及热泳力的作用,微粒灭火剂能迅速扩散到顶棚,从而能在短时间内将其扑灭,灭火时间约6.3 s;对于遮挡火,其灭火时间较长,约14.3 s。微粒灭火剂浓度对灭火时间有较大影响。当微粒灭火剂的喷射质量为500 g时,虽然中央火、角落火和遮挡火均能被扑灭,但灭火时间都较喷射1 000 g灭火剂时有较长的延长,灭火时间分别为8.1 s,13.9 s和22.2 s。对于需要灭火剂微粒扩散较远距离后灭火的顶棚火,虽然灭火剂在热羽流和热泳力作用下能扩散到顶棚,但因浓度太低,同时由于其他3处火焰熄灭后,灭火室内的氧气消耗速率降低,从而使顶棚火得到足够的氧气,燃烧反应进一步加强,温度反而逐渐升高,不足以将其熄灭。