后曝气池HRT对改进型A_2N工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

对A2N连续流工艺进行改进,在后曝气池中填加生物膜填料,以生活污水为处理对象,考察了后曝气池水力停留时间(HRT)对后曝气池内同步硝化反硝化(SND)以及对改进后的A2N工艺除磷脱氮性能的影响.后曝气池HRT为1.3h时,总磷(TP)平均去除率为90%,总氮(TN)平均去除率为75%,但平均出水氨氮浓度较高(为8.6 mg.L-1),后曝气池内基本未发现SND现象.后曝气池HRT为2.3h时,TN平均去除率达到80%,TP平均去除率高达95%,出水平均氨氮浓度较低(2.2 mg.L-1),后曝气池内同步硝化反硝化去除的TN量为2.42 mg.L-1.后曝气池HRT为4h、6h时,工艺TP平均去除率逐渐下降至60%,由于可利用的COD值较低,同步硝化反硝化去除的TN并未随HRT延长而有明显增长,TN去除率也逐渐降至接近60%.试验证明在后曝气池内填加生物膜并合理调控HRT,可强化工艺的脱氮除磷效果.     

Influence of different substrates on the formation and characteristics of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactors

The effects of different substrates on the aerobic granulation process were studied using laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors （SBRs）. Four parallel granules sequencing batch reactors （GSBR）： R1, R2, R3, and R4 were fed with acetate, glucose, peptone and fecula, respectively. Stable aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in R1, R2, R4, and smaller granules less than 500 μm were formed in R3. Morphology and the physic-chemical characteristics of aerobic granules fed with different carbon substrates were investigated by the four reactors operated under the same pressure. The aerobic granules in the four reactors were observed and found that peptone was the most stable one due to its good settleability even after a sludge age as short as 10 d. A strong correlation was testified between the characteristics of aerobic granules and the properties of carbon substrates. The stability of aerobic granules was affected by extracellular polymer substances （EPS） derived from microorganism growth during feast time fed with different carbon substrates, and the influence of the property of storage substance was greater than that of its quantity. Optimal carbon substrates, which are helpful in the cultivation and retention of well-settling granules and in the enhancement of the overall ability of the aerobic granules reactors, were found.     

大气污染控制有效性的评估模型及应用

基于小波分析理论及BP神经网络,建立了大气污染控制有效性的评估模型.利用该模型解析天津市污染源排放及气象因素对大气污染物环境浓度的影响.结果表明,SO2浓度波动主要由污染源的季节变化引起,与天气过程有关的短期波动也不容忽视;而PM10浓度波动主要由污染源排放及气象条件的短期变化引起.2002~2003年的气象条件总体上不利于大气扩散,使SO2日均浓度长期分量增加约为3μg/m3;而2004年的气象条件有利于大气扩散,使SO2日均浓度长期分量减小约为5μg/m3.PM10日均浓度长期分量也有类似的规律,2002~2003年的不利气象条件使PM10日均浓度长期分量增高更显著,约为10μg/m3.     

抚顺市降水化学组份特征分析

对 2 0 0 2年 2月～ 2 0 0 3年 3月抚顺市的降水化学组份及时空分布特征进行了分析。抚顺地区降水是以硫酸型污染为主。抚顺市降水中主要阳离子组份是Ca2 + 、NH4 + ,主要阴离子组份是SO4 2 - 和NO3- 。由多元逐步回归分析可知抚顺市降水中NO3- 是酸化剂 ,Ca2 + 是碱化剂 ,对方程起作用的因子大小顺序是Ca2 + >Na+ >NO3- 。     

热处理技术去除鸡粪中氟喹诺酮类抗生素及影响因素研究

为了去除鸡粪中氟喹诺酮类(FQs)抗生素(包括诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、洛美沙星、恩诺沙星),研究了温度、停留时间和含水率等因素对热处理技术去除FQs的影响。结果表明:电加热回转炉装置的热处理技术能够有效去除鸡粪中FQs类污染物,在热处理时间一定时,鸡粪中4种FQs去除率随着温度的升高而增加;在处理时间40 min,温度达190℃时,鸡粪中诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、洛美沙星、恩诺沙星去除率达到64.5%~85.1%;温度达220℃时,4种FQs去除率均高于94.1%。热处理鸡粪中FQs应控制鸡粪的含水率低于25%为宜。     

试论共同但有区别责任原则在实践中的发展与完善

共同但有区别原则作为国际环境法的基本原则之一规定在《京都议定书》、《联合国气候变化框架公约》等重要的国际条约中。但在实践中各国是否坚持及如何坚持“共同但有区别责任原则”面临前所未有的挑战。共同但有区别责任原则作为国际环境法所公认的一项基本原则,在实践中责任分担方面却面临很多难题,导致该原则不能真正的落实与实施。本文在分析共同但有区别责任原则基础理论的基础上,根据实践中存在的问题提出几点完善意见,以期能够推动该原则的发展。     

中国住宅室内BTEX浓度水平及其影响因素

2016年12月～2017年12月在全国5个气候区的223户民用住宅中进行不同季节入户,对空气中污染物采样,并对苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯和乙苯)浓度进行分析.苯、甲苯、二甲苯和乙苯的算术平均浓度分别为6. 78、17. 4、17. 68和9. 87μg·m~(-3).相比其他国家室内苯系物浓度,中国室内苯系物浓度稍高;我国相关标准对于室内苯系物浓度的标准限值远高于其他国家和组织的标准限值.在众多影响室内苯系物浓度的因素中,主要分析了装修完工时间、吸烟和做饭频率与苯系物浓度的相关性.结果表明,室内苯系物浓度仅在装修后2 a内有明显地降低;与装修完工时间呈不显著的负相关关系;装修程度一致时,吸烟和不吸烟家庭中室内苯系物浓度无显著性差异,但吸烟时散发的苯可能更易于以三手烟的形式存在室内,长期室内苯的贡献率大于甲苯;做饭时产生的挥发性有机物主要是烷烃和醛酮类,而房间中苯系物浓度与做饭频率的相关性不大.     

Characterization of refuse landfill leachates of three di erent stages in landfill stabilization process

Landfill leachates with di erent ages (mature leachate, 11 years; semi-mature leachate, 5 years; fresh leachate, under operation) were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, Shanghai to characterize the colloid size distribution and variations of leachate. These leachates were separated using micro-filtration and ultra-filtration into specific size fractions, i.e., suspended particles (SP) (> 1.2 m), coarse colloids (CC) (1.2–0.45 m), fine colloids (FC) (0.45 m, 5 kDa/1 kDa molecular weight (MW)), and dissolved organic matters (DM, < 5 kDa/1 kDa MW). The specific colloids in each size fraction were quantified and characterized through chemical oxygen demands (COD), total solid (TS), pH, NH4 +-N, total organic carbon (TOC) and fixed solid (FS). It was found that COD, NH4 +-N and TS in leachate decreased significantly over ages, while pH increased. The dissolved fractions (< 5 kDa/1 kDa) dominated (over 50%) in three leachates in terms of COD, and the organic matter content in dissolved fraction of leachates decreased and the inorganic matter increased as the disposal time extended, with the TOC/COD ratio 30%–7%. Dissolved fractions decreased from 82% to 40% in terms of TOC as the disposal time extended, suggested that the organic matter remained in leachate would form into middle molecular weight substances during the degradation process.     

天津市城市污水自由水面构筑物湿地处理系统中污水氮去除规律的研究

天津市城市污水自由水面构筑物湿地处理系统中，污水氮的去除效果受到场地坡长，水力负荷，停留时间，温度，预处理水质等因素的影响，本文根据试验场地实际运行的数据，讨论了上述因素与污水氮去除率的关系，结果表明，系统对污水氮的去除率，与坡长在一定范围内呈正线性相关关系，与水力负荷呈负的线性相关关系，停留时间为７８ｈ时除氧效果最佳，温度对氮去除率的影响随着季节变化表现出来，没有直接规律性，预处理水质对系统的除     

基于影响因子分析的滑坡位移预测模型研究

将滑坡的影响因索引入到滑坡的位移预测模型中．从滑坡的位移动态变化特征和响应组成组分研究入手,将滑坡的位移分解为趋势项、周期项、脉动项和随机项．针对每一项进行研究,分别选取合适的影响因子变量和函数关系来模拟,并将各项耦合在一起得到位移的初步预测模型。通过对监测数据进行非线性多元统计回归分析,得到位移的最终预测模型。以长江三峡库区的新滩滑坡为实例,通过验证研究,发现将滑坡的影响因子引入滑坡的预测预报模型中的思路是有效可行的,而且可以明显地改善预测预报的时间尺度。