沙层水分小尺度地域分异特征 —— 以沙坡头沙区为例

水分是沙漠地区生态环境的限制因子,研究沙漠沙层水分分布规律对在沙区种植人工植物进行固沙有显著指导意义。通过对沙坡头沙区两个典型流动沙丘不同坡向、不同部位以及两个洼地进行采样,研究该区水分平衡与小尺度水分分异特征与规律,结果表明：（1）流动大沙丘顶部沙层水分含量一般在1.00%以下,中部水分含量一般在1.00%—2.00%,底部水分含量一般在2.00%—3.00%,均以薄膜水形式存在。洼地沙层2.0—3.0 m左右深度有饱和重力水甚至地下水出现。（2）流动大沙丘的迎风坡沙层水分高于背风坡,沙丘水分含量均是底部最高,中部次之,顶部最低。（3）沙坡头区沙层水分属于快速入渗型水分正平衡,洼地或平坦地段是大气降水向下入渗的主要渠道。     

Structure and Differentiation of Spruce Populations in Eastern Europe and Western Siberia

The structures and differentiation patterns of the Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Siberian spruce (P. obovata) populations have been studied in a wide area, including the transition zone of their continuous geographic range. The areas occupied by transitional populations have been detected. Series of distinct populations of the Norway and Siberian spruces are located to the west and east of them, respectively.     

Evidence for sexy sons in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)

The sexy son hypothesis suggests that females obtain future fitness benefits from mating with polygynous males through the inheritance by their sons of traits contributing to mating success. We tested this hypothesis in the facultatively polygynous European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in two ways. We first compared sons of monogynous and polygynous free-living males for their abilities in nest site acquisition and female-directed behaviors in controlled aviary tests. We then investigated eggs laid in monogynous and polygynous matings for concentrations of maternal steroid hormones that could affect behavioral differentiation of sons. Sons of polygynous fathers defended more nest boxes and produced more courtship song than sons of monogynous fathers. Mean concentrations of maternal androstenedione (A4), 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T), and 17-estradiol (E) in yolks were not affected by mating status. However, the within-clutch pattern of A₄ depended on mating status, with higher concentrations in last than in first eggs of clutches of monogynous but not polygynous matings. These results suggest that (1) sons may inherit from their fathers behavioral qualities for the successful acquisition of nest sites and attraction of mates; (2) differential exposure to maternal steroid hormones during development in the egg is unlikely the cause of the behavioral differences between adult sons of monogynous and polygynous fathers; and (3) females adjust the within-clutch pattern of androgen to mating status, possibly in response to the expected contribution of their mate to nestling care.     

Gradient Genogeographic Analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L. Populations in Europe

Gradients of Nei's genetic distances between 15 samples of Pinus sylvestris L. trees were analyzed along three submeridional transects, from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and Transcaucasia. As a result, distinct chorogenetic differentiation was revealed between the populations of this species growing in climatically specific regions of northern and southern Europe. Considerable Nei's distances (DN = 0.045–0.056) and their gradients, combined with differences in stable phenotypic characters (the composition of monoterpenes and morphological parameters of cones) determined at the Pyrenean and Caucasian mountain borders, suggest that the P. sylvestris species structure includes two South Eurasian subspecies, the Pyrenean P. sylvestris L., ssp. iberica Svoboda and the Transcaucasian P. sylvestris L., ssp. hamata (Stev.) Fomin.     

天津市土壤元素背景值的地域差异及成因分析

论述了天津土壤中Cu,Pb等13种微量元素背景值在行政区，土壤类型中的差异规律，并分析了引起元素背景值地域差异的原因。     

不同分化形态的嗜肺军团菌对嗜热四膜虫BF1的感染和胞内增殖特征

嗜肺军团菌是一种广泛分布于淡水生态环境中的条件性胞内致病菌,其不同的分化形态与菌体的存活、感染力和毒力有密切关系.本文对不同分化形态的表达绿色荧光蛋白的嗜肺军团菌在不同感染复数(multiplicityofinfec-tion,MOI)下感染嗜热四膜虫BF1株的条件以及胞内增殖的特征进行了研究.结果表明,胞内的军团菌比大肠杆菌有更强的抗消化能力,30℃时处于对数生长期的嗜肺军团菌即使在MOI等于100的情况下仍然在24h内被四膜虫消化殆尽,而平板培养至稳定期的菌体即使MOI只有50即可实现胞内增殖,并在18h内使宿主数量急剧下降.饲喂军团菌后,四膜虫都有一个数量先上升的过程,然后依MOI的不同呈现稳定或下降的趋势.本文还通过荧光显微镜观察描述了一定MOI下四膜虫对稳定期菌体的消化和形态变化的动态过程.图7参14     

基于SPSS的苏北地区可持续发展能力空间分异研究

以区域可持续发展能力建设为切入点,结合苏北地区的实际,建立适合该地区的可持续发展能力评价指标体系,然后运用SPSS软件的因子分析和聚类分析的方法,对苏北地区可持续发展能力进行综合评价。结果表明,区内各县市可持续发展能力差异较大,但其空间分异呈现出某些特征:经济可持续发展能力呈现由地区东南部向中间递减的“一”字型空间格局;资源环境可持续发展能力呈现由地区中部分别向东、向西递减的“凸”字型空间格局;社会可持续发展能力呈“M”字型空间格局;综合可持续发展能力呈“H”字型空间格局;以中心城市为核心,可持续发展能力向周边呈辐射状递减趋势。根据这些空间分异特征,提出了一些促进苏北地区可持续发展能力建设的建议。     

地震新闻报道同质化对策研究

在深入分析地震新闻报道同质化特征及其原因的基础上,本文认为有效解决地震新闻报道同质化的途径有三：一是相关部门要转变思想,明确地震新闻在地震科普中的重要作用;二是新闻媒体要转变地震新闻报道方式,追求差异化报道;三是要引导受众转变新闻消费观念,以刺激新闻生产者的积极性。     

Use of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data to Assess Seasonal Rangeland Changes in the Southeast Kalahari, Botswana

/ Management problems arise in semiarid rangeland that are characterized by marked wet and dry seasons because of forage deficiencies in the dry season. These natural vegetation rangelands can sustain livestock all year long when forage and senesced grass are available into the dry season. Seasonal range condition data are required to provide a basis for pasture management to help locate dry season cover and thereby minimize overstocking and degradation. The generation of seasonal data using Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery was undertaken to assess changes in natural vegetation cover in the southern Botswana Kalahari. Visual analysis of spectral reflectance curves, the development of spectral separability indexes, and conventional classification analysis techniques were used to identify and differentiate rangeland features. Results from reflectance curves indicated that most rangeland cover types could be preferentially distinguished using mainly wet season data, especially on the longer TM wavebands, and that range feature differentiation was more problematic on darker soils than on lighter soils. Spectral separability indexes (SSIs) confirmed that range feature separation varied considerably as a function of waveband and was more effective in the wet than the dry season. The SSIs also showed that range feature differentiation in both seasons was most effective using a combination of the chlorophyll absorpance band (TM3) and two mid-infrared bands (TM5 and TM7). Wet season data were more effectively classified in terms of range features than dry season data although some class similarity was inferred across the two classified data sets. The work shows that overall trends may be generated by comparing seasonal data sets, thereby providing an overall basis for dry season decision making. However, particular problems arise within the dry season data sets probably because of spectral similarities between shadow and darkened vegetation cover, thereby implying that further work is needed. KEY WORDS: Semiarid rangelands; Botswana; Kalahari; Spectral differentiation; Seasonal change; Darkened vegetation cover     

2011~2017年中国PM2.5多尺度时空分异特征分析

PM_2.5时空分异特征认知对大气污染联防联控意义重大,本文从空间多尺度的视角出发,利用空间模式分析方法与地理探测器,对2011~2017年中国大陆地区PM_2.5年均浓度时空分布格局及成因进行探究,从而揭示PM_2.5多尺度时空分异特征.结果表明：①2011~2017年PM_2.5年均浓度相对稳定,无明显趋势,国家与区域尺度PM_2.5变化特征基本一致,呈现"W"型变化,整体上看,污染程度由高到低依次为：中部、东部、西部与东北.②由空间模式分析结果可知,高值聚集区主要位于中国的东部、中部以及新疆的西南地区,低值聚集区则集中在青藏、云贵高原以及大兴安岭地区.③地理探测器分析结果证实：城市化因素中人口密度是国家与区域尺度上PM_2.5时空分异的主导因素,同时,产业、能耗与交通因素对PM_2.5分布格局存在不同程度影响.在区域尺度上,除了人口密度因素之外,工业用电量与公车总量对中部地区PM_2.5年均浓度影响较大,东部地区是工业烟粉尘排放量与道路面积,东北地区则为第二产业产值占比与城市绿地率,社会经济因素对西部地区的PM_2.5年均浓度影响不显著.