中国稻米垩白形成的地域分异规律之研究

在全国13个点、19个品种、多播期试验基础上,本文对稻米垩白形成的气象生态基础进行了分析。结果表明水稻齐穗后15d内的温度状况是影响稻米垩白形成的主导因子。为了明确不同气象垩白大小(即气象条件引起稻米垩白面积的变化量)形成所要求的齐穗后 15d内的均温值,通过线性规划模型对3种稻米垩白大小情况给予了确定。并对我国稻区不同稻作制度下水稻气象垩白的分异情况进行了探讨。结果表明,从北向南,稻米气象垩白随水稻齐穗后15d内均温的变化由小到大,≤5％的稻区为四川盆地以北、淮河以北及云贵高原地区,5-10％的稻区为四川盆地、滇南以及淮南至沿江江南地区,10-20％(只为双季稻的早稻)的稻区为云贵高原以东长江以南地区。     

内蒙古巴尔哲碱性花岗岩稀有稀土矿床地质特征及成因探讨

内蒙古巴尔哲特大型碱性花岗岩稀有稀土矿床是国内首次发现的一种新类型工业矿床,其规模居亚洲第三位.含矿岩体为燕山期碱性花岗岩,岩体普遍矿化,岩体即是矿体,矿石品位富、稀有稀土元素种类多,其共生伴生矿物多达44种,工业矿物以羟硅铍钇铈矿、烧绿石、铌铁矿、锌日光榴石为主.     

清洁生产技术方案综合评价方法初探

研究清洁生产技术方案的综合评价对于指导企业实施清洁生产有重要意义．本文以啤酒生产企业为例，运用系统工程方法和模糊数学方法提出了清洁生产技术方案综合评价的理论方法，突破了定性分析与定量评价相分离的传统评价方法，为企业筛选和决策可实施清洁生产技术方案提供了技术支持．     

Geographical differentiation of selenium concentration in hair from children and youngsters in China

Selenium concentration in hair are sorted out into three classes, i.e. low (<110 ppb), medium (110-520 ppb) and high (>520 ppb) according to the principle of multiple normal distribution and a map of classification of selenium concentration in hair from children and youngsters in China has been drawn. Selenium insufficiency in relation to Keshan disease and Kashin-Beck's disease is expounded. Geographical differentiation of hair selenium concentrations and its causes are explained.     

Population differentiation in female sex pheromone and male preferences in a solitary bee

Population differentiation in female mating signals and associated male preferences can drive reproductive isolation among segregated populations. We tested this assumption by investigating intraspecific variation in female sex pheromone and associated male odour preferences among distant populations in the solitary bee Colletes cunicularius (L.) by using quantitative gas chromatography and by performing field bioassays with synthetic blends of key sex pheromone compounds. We found significant differences in sex pheromone blends among the bee populations, and the divergence in odour blends correlated positively with geographic distance, suggesting that genetic divergence among distant populations can affect sex pheromone chemistry. Our behavioural experiments, however, demonstrate that synthetic copies of allopatric female sex pheromones were cross-attractive to patrolling males from distant populations, making reproductive isolation by non-recognition of mating signals among populations unlikely. Our data also show that patrolling male bees from different populations preferred odour types from allopatric populations at the two sites of bioassays. These male preferences are not expected to select for changes in the female sex pheromone, but may influence the evolution of floral odour in sexually deceptive orchids of the genus Ophrys that are pollinated by C. cunicularius males.     

Predicting the Probability of Outbreeding Depression

Abstract: Fragmentation of animal and plant populations typically leads to genetic erosion and increased probability of extirpation. Although these effects can usually be reversed by re‐establishing gene flow between population fragments, managers sometimes fail to do so due to fears of outbreeding depression (OD). Rapid development of OD is due primarily to adaptive differentiation from selection or fixation of chromosomal variants. Fixed chromosomal variants can be detected empirically. We used an extended form of the breeders’ equation to predict the probability of OD due to adaptive differentiation between recently isolated population fragments as a function of intensity of selection, genetic diversity, effective population sizes, and generations of isolation. Empirical data indicated that populations in similar environments had not developed OD even after thousands of generations of isolation. To predict the probability of OD, we developed a decision tree that was based on the four variables from the breeders’ equation, taxonomic status, and gene flow within the last 500 years. The predicted probability of OD in crosses between two populations is elevated when the populations have at least one of the following characteristics: are distinct species, have fixed chromosomal differences, exchanged no genes in the last 500 years, or inhabit different environments. Conversely, the predicted probability of OD in crosses between two populations of the same species is low for populations with the same karyotype, isolated for <500 years, and that occupy similar environments. In the former case, we recommend crossing be avoided or tried on a limited, experimental basis. In the latter case, crossing can be carried out with low probability of OD. We used crosses with known results to test the decision tree and found that it correctly identified cases where OD occurred. Current concerns about OD in recently fragmented populations are almost certainly excessive.     

Geno- and Phenogeographic Analysis of Pinus sylvestris L. Populations along the Transect Extending from the Northern to Southern Boundary of the Species Range

Nei's genetic distances (Nei, 1972, 1978) between 12 Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations were determined using isozyme analysis. The gradients of these distances along the 1500-km meridional transect in the Transural Region and Northern Turgai from the pre-forest-tundra subzone (the Synya River basin) to the southern steppe (the Naurzumskii forest) were calculated. We discovered that the genetic distance gradients (GDGs) progressively increase in the direction from the northern boundary of the range to the southern boundary of the forest-steppe zone and sharply increase in the insular forests growing in the steppe zone. The results of cluster analysis and Mahalanobis distance gradients with respect to a set of morphological characters of the cones provide evidence that Scotch pine populations of the forest zone share somewhat the same gene pool, whereas the group of Scotch pine populations in the insular forests of Northern Turgai is obviously differentiated phenogenetically from the insular forests of the Tobol region, which grow farther to the north.     

长江中游城市群城市效率水平测度及空间分异研究

运用超效率DEA模型对2013年长江中游城市群城市效率进行测度评价。结果发现:长沙、天门、常德、黄冈、南昌、景德镇、武汉、娄底、新余、衡阳、仙桃、鄂州、潜江和九江为城市效率相对高水平区;抚州、湘潭、鹰潭、上饶、岳阳、黄石、荆州和株洲为城市效率相对较高水平区;萍乡、宜春、益阳、吉安、咸宁、孝感、襄阳、宜昌和荆门为城市效率相对低水平区。在此基础上,分析长江中游城市群城市效率的空间分异特征,发现长江中游城市群城市效率发展水平相似的地区在空间分布上呈现出一定的异质性特征,但并不显著。     

山地城市地表径流源区水质特征监测研究

2010年通过对山地城市重庆江北城区10个地表源区5次地表径流过程水样的采集与分析,研究城区地表径流水质特征及其影响因素,以期为地表径流污染源区控制提供科学依据.结果表明,山地城市重庆地表径流污染过程具有明显的初期冲刷效应,降雨强度影响地表径流水质的变化,地表径流水质的波动同雨强的变化呈同步趋势,雨强增加,污染物浓度下降,表现出水质变化的随机性.山地城市重庆地表径流COD、TP与TSS具有显著的正相关性.悬浮物是城市地表径流污染的主要污染物,而且是有机物质和磷素的载体.有机物质与磷素主要以颗粒态的形式存在,而氮素以溶解态的氨和硝酸盐为主.山地城市地表径流水质TSS、COD、TN、TP和NH4+-N在各个源区的差异显著,商业区和城市交通主干道TSS、COD和TP的浓度最高,其次为城市支路、居民区道路、停车场和屋顶.不透水地表功能、交通流量、人流量和卫生管理是影响地表径流水质的主要因素.城市商业区、交通干道和人流量高的居民区道路是城市地表径流污染的关键源区.     

广西大石围天坑中多环芳烃的大气传输与分异

选择典型的岩溶地区广西乐业大石围天坑群为研究对象,利用聚氨酯泡沫被动采样器（PUF-PAS）采集大石围天坑口部至地下河剖面空气样品,并进行了气象参数的观测.利用气相色谱-质谱仪（GC-MS）测定16种多环芳烃（PAHs）优先控制污染物.结果表明,大石围天坑至地下河空气中ΣPAHs浓度范围为33.76～150.86 ng·d-1,平均值80.36 ng·d-1,其中绝壁、底部和地下河浓度分别为67.17、85.36和101.67 ng·d-1;空气中PAHs以2～3环的菲、蒽、萘、芴4种为主,占87.97%.PHAs的源来自于大气传输的化石燃料的燃烧.大石围天坑空气中PAHs的富集与传输过程为：地表-绝壁-底部-地下河,且浓度随深度/长度的增加有明显的增加趋势,在西峰脚、天坑底部和地下河处,低分子量的PAHs菲、蒽、芴和荧蒽发生了分异作用.温度是影响天坑中PAHs大气传输、富集的主要因子,其次为风向、风速和相对湿度;相对湿度和温度都是PAHs分异作用的主要因子,风速和风向为次要因子.总体上,天坑明显地展现了持久性有机污染物（POPs）的＂冷陷阱效应＂。