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311.
Lucie Flache Sezin Czarnecki Rolf-Alexander Dring Uwe Kierdorf Jorge A. Encarnao 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015,27(5):184-193
Metal-contaminated soils and sediments are widespread in urbanized areas due to atmospheric deposition close to emission sources. These metals are bio-available for organisms, e.g., insects, and accumulate in food chains of insectivorous mammals. Especially bats, which live in urban regions and ingest large amounts of food relative to their body mass, are at risk of being poisoned due to the accumulation of trace metals. To determine species-specific trace metal contents in bats from urban environments, hair samples were analyzed by ICP-OES. Observed trace metal concentrations were related to species-specific foraging habitat, prey spectrum and degree of synanthropy. The species studied were Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Myotis daubentonii and Nyctalus noctula. P. pipistrellus showed the highest concentrations of lead and zinc and slightly higher concentrations of cadmium than the other two species, which was related to its high degree of synanthropy with foraging habitat mostly located in cities. In contrast, N. noctula displayed the highest contents of manganese and copper. The reason might be found in its prey spectrum, as N. noctula feeds mainly on beetles that are caught in cultured areas. Trace metal concentrations determined in hair samples of M. daubentonii ranged between the values of P. pipistrellus and N. noctula, probably reflecting an intermediate level of synanthropy. Positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of cadmium and lead and those of manganese and copper. Hair samples from bats are suitable monitoring tools to study trace metal exposure and can be used to determine differences in trace metal levels between species. 相似文献
312.
This paper examines the key role that individual work reflection plays in facilitating individuals' leadership in teams. Consistent with the functional perspective on leadership, we argue that individual work reflection allows individuals to better understand their team's needs, and therefore enact higher levels of task-, relational-, and change-oriented leadership behaviors and be more effective leaders in their teams. We first conducted a series of measure development studies to validate a measure of individual work reflection comprising four dimensions of reflection at work: goals-, methods-, relationships-, and self-focused reflection. Then, across two independent studies assessing individuals in self-managing teams over time, we found support for our theoretical model linking individual work reflection to peer-rated leadership behaviors (Main Studies 1 and 2) and leadership effectiveness (Main Study 2). In further support of our theorizing, Main Study 2 also indicates that individual work reflection shapes leadership behaviors and effectiveness via understanding the team's needs, beyond a wide range of related constructs (e.g., feedback seeking, mindfulness, and rumination), as well as commonly studied predictors of leadership behaviors (i.e., the Big Five). Our theory and empirical findings help advance insights on the role of individual work reflection in improving leadership outcomes in organizations. 相似文献
313.
太湖水体上行漫射衰减系数的变化特征研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
水体上行漫射衰减系数是反映水体中上行光强衰减的重要光学参数,它直接影响着水下光场分布,对水环境生态系统变化具有重要意义.然而,对于太湖水体而言,上行漫射衰减系数的变化特征尚不明确.为此,本课题组于2010年4月29日到5月2日对太湖水体28个采样点进行了野外原位观测,获取了相应的水体光学参数和水质参数数据集.在分析水体上行衰减系数光谱特征和空间分布特征的基础上,对其与太阳高度角、悬浮物浓度和叶绿素浓度之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明,上行漫射衰减系数的光谱特征表现为短波蓝光部分衰减系数较大,长波红光部分衰减系数较小,且衰减系数在575~700 nm之间随着波长的增加变化不明显,在675 nm附近出现相对高值,其与叶绿素a浓度存在显著的相关关系(r=0.574,n=28,p<0.05).下行与上行漫射衰减系数随波长的变化特征大致相似,其差值谱线的变化规律为:小于400 nm的范围内,呈线性减小;在400~800 nm之间除760 nm附近有一峰值外,其余部分基本无明显变化;大于800 nm时,又迅速增加.上行衰减系数在不同湖区的空间分布大致为:开阔水域区>草型湖区>典型藻型湖区>草、藻过渡型湖区,藻型和草、藻过渡湖区在675 nm附近的峰值皆较为明显.上行衰减系数基本上随太阳高度角的增大而减小,上行漫射衰减系数与悬浮物浓度的偏相关性最好(r=0.963,n=28,p<0.05),太阳高度角次之(r=0.474,n=28,p<0.05),叶绿素浓度的最低(r=0.175,n=28,p<0.05). 相似文献
314.
315.
城市火灾事故不断发生,严重威胁着人们的生命安全。当火灾样本数目较少时,针对传统统计模型难以胜任的特点,引入了信息扩散理论,给出了火灾风险评估的实用模型,并以某市为例进行火灾风险评估。结果表明,该方法简单易行,分析结果意义清楚,具有一定的现实意义,为防火抗灾提供了依据。 相似文献
316.
研究了2,4,6-三氯酚(TCP)在水中不同存在形态、水体pH值、溶解氧、藻类对其光化学降解行为的影响。先用孔雀绿无色氰化物(MGLC),计算天津海河、北排污河两个自然水体,底泥悬浮物引起的光分散衰减系数,再用RG.Zeep公式预测出天津海河水中TCP的光解速率高于天津北排污河。天津污水土地处理系统进口水中TCP的光解速率常数:在夏季,kd=0.059(h-1);在冬季kd=0.011(b-1);光解半衰期为19.8h-1。实验结果为处理后污水的安全回用提供了科学依据。 相似文献
317.
318.
319.
目的 通过自动寻优制定冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,避免冲击“过试验”。方法 根据冲击响应谱的基本原理和谱型特征,提出利用对数距离量化评价2条谱型的吻合度。对冲击环境和后峰锯齿脉冲分别进行冲击响应谱分析,将2条冲击响应谱之间的对数距离最小作为优化目标,将后峰锯齿脉冲的波形参数作为优化参数,基于自适应差分进化算法,提出冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法。结果 将所提方法分别应用于模拟冲击环境和实测冲击环境,均获得了合理的后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,验证了所提方法的正确性。结论 提出的基于自适应差分进化算法的冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法正确可行。 相似文献
320.
Wusi Yue Charles Meneveau Marc B. Parlange Weihong Zhu Hyung Suk Kang Joseph Katz 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2008,8(1):73-95
A comparative study of turbulence in a wind-tunnel model canopy is performed, using Large eddy simulation (LES) and experimental
data from PIV and hot-wire anemometry measurements. The model canopy is composed of thin cylindrical stalks. In the LES, these
are represented using a plant-scale approach, while the scale-dependent Lagrangian dynamic model is used as subgrid-scale
model. LES predictions of turbulence statistics and energy spectra are found to be in good agreement with the experimental
data. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budgets from the LES simulation are analyzed to provide more information absent in the
measurements. Results confirm that sloshing motions at the low levels of the canopy are mainly driven by pressure fluctuations.
A difference between the energy flux obtained from the energy spectrum and the SGS dissipation rate is observed, consistent
with a spectral bypass mechanism in which the real spectral flux due to cascade is smaller than that implied by the energy-spectrum
level, due to direct drain by the canopy. 相似文献