气象因素对江苏区域城市火灾发生的影响

火灾作为一个开放系统必然受到自然现象的影响,其中气象因素对火灾的发生、防治和损失控制方面有着重要的影响。笔者针对江苏省南京市和无锡市1997～2 0 0 1年的城市火灾数据,采用相关分析的方法,研究了城市火灾数据与月平均降雨量和月平均温度等气象因素之间的关系,对火灾数据进行2～5个月的滞后分别进行回归分析,对比不同滞后时间分别得到不同的回归方程;然后比较不同的回归方程,找到最为拟合的方程,即可知道气候因素对火灾的滞后影响。研究结果表明:气象因素与火灾的发生关系密切,可能对滞后2个月后的火灾形势影响较大。     

城市轨道交通危险因素分析

目前我国的城市轨道建设已经进入高潮期,城市轨道的安全问题也变得日益重要.笔者通过统计分析国内外历年发生的轨道交通事故,总结了轨道交通在施工期间、供电系统、车辆系统、通风/排烟系统、给/排水系统、通信/信号系统、公用工程及辅助设施等方面的事故分析了存在的危险因素,为确保地铁的安全运营提供依据.     

影响危险化学品生产企业安全评价有效性的因素探讨

随着化学工业的迅速发展,化学品的产量和品种大幅增加,危险化学品生产企业各类事故频发,严重阻碍了化学工业的发展.为此,国家制定了一系列的法律法规,以期遏制恶性事故的发生.安全评价作为预防事故的重要手段,现已广泛应用于各个行业,危险化学品生产企业也不例外.但是,随着安全评价工作的开展,也暴露出与安全评价有关的一些问题.本文简要介绍了我国危险化学品生产企业的安全现状,详细分析了影响危险化学品生产企业安全评价有效性的各种因素,并提出了相应的对策措施.     

中国居民潜在国内出游力的区域差异

运用因子分析法对中国居民潜在国内出游力的区域差异作了分析,得出影响国内居民出游力的因子包括区域经济发展水平与增长能力、区域居民收入和经济发展的外向性、行业从业结构、区域经济发展活力4个主要因子,并利用聚类分析法将中国居民潜在的国内出游力划分为5个层次.     

安顺市土壤pH空间变异及影响因素分析

探究土壤pH的空间分布特征及其变异规律,分析环境因子对土壤pH空间分异的影响,对安顺市山地复杂环境下土壤pH的精准管理和土壤资源的可持续利用具有重要意义.基于22 851个野外采样点,综合采用全局Moran's I指数、冷热点分析、半方差函数和克里金插值的方法,从不同角度揭示了安顺市土壤pH值的空间结构特征和分布规律,...     

浓度变化时复合衬层中有机污染物的一维扩散分析

在考虑填埋场有机污染物浓度随时间变化的基础上,对有机污染物在复合衬层中的一维扩散问题进行了解析求解.计算模型考虑了2种常见的下边界条件,即零浓度下边界及零通量下边界.计算模型亦考虑了污染物在各介质中的背景浓度.利用该解析解得到的结果和已有的试验结果较为接近.对于美国规范规定的标准复合衬层,当污染物在膜中的扩散系数达到1.0×10-13m2·s-1且膜的分配系数达到50时,基本上可以忽略土工膜作为有机污染物扩散屏障的作用;对于同样的复合衬层,若膜的扩散系数达到1.0×10-12m2·s-1,则膜分配系数只需达到5即可忽略土工膜作为有机污染物扩散屏障的作用.对于标准复合衬层及GM GCL复合衬层,膜分配系数的变化对有机污染物通量击穿曲线的影响较大,而膜扩散系数对其的影响则相对较小.     

工频磁场诱导人FL细胞膜EGF的受体聚簇及噪声磁场的干预

为了研究50Hz工频磁场对人源细胞膜表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)的受体聚簇现象的可能诱导作用及噪声磁场的干预,将人羊膜细胞FL(human amniotic cells)分别用EGF、不同强度(0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4mT)工频磁场、噪声磁场、工频磁场和噪声磁场叠加的复合场处理15 min后,用间接免疫荧光染色法标记,并用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞膜表皮生长因子(EGF)的受体的聚簇现象.结果表明,0.1、0.2、0.4mT工频磁场辐照FL细胞15 min可诱导细胞膜EGF的受体发生聚簇,但0.05mT工频磁场辐照时,细胞膜不出现EGF受体的明显聚簇.0.2mT噪声磁场则不能诱导细胞膜EGF受体的聚簇;当0.2mT噪声磁场与0.1、0.2mT工频磁场叠加后,可抑制工频磁场诱导的细胞膜EGF受体聚簇,但不能完全抑制0.4mT工频磁场诱导的细胞膜EGF受体聚簇.研究结果表明,一定强度的工频磁场能诱导细胞膜EGF受体的聚簇;其作用阈值在0.05～0.1mT之间;噪声磁场对工频磁场诱导膜受体聚簇的干预作用存在剂量-效应关系.     

天津市PM10中元素的浓度特征和富集特征研究

为了解天津市大气PM10中元素的浓度水平和污染元素的来源,在天津市布置了7个采样点,获得了风沙季、非采暖季和采暖季19个元素的监测数据。结果表明:Ni、Pb、Cu、Cr是PM10中的主要超标污染元素;K、Ca、Na、Mg、Al、Si、Fe、Ti等8种元素是PM10浓度的主要贡献率元素(92%);19个元素的富集系数风沙季明显低于非采暖季;Co、Cu、Zn、Br、Pb五个元素各季和各站的富集系数均大于10,人为源贡献大于自然源,是环境治理的重点元素。     

Assessment of grate sag inlets in a residential area based on return period and clogging factor

Storm in-sag inlets, which typically have inflow capture efficiency of 100%, can violate the allowable water spread criterion of roadways, thus slowing the traffic movement and contributing to accidents. This is especially evident during severe storms of high return periods and when a storm sewer inlet of grate type is adopted, because it is subject to debris and trash clogging factors. In this study, the water spread on pavement for in-sag grates located in a residential area in Kuwait is analyzed in terms of return period and clogging factor. It is found that for a single grate inlet with a return period of 10 years, a clogging factor of 50% can lead to a water spread value exceeding the local design constraint assigned for residential areas, which is one traffic lane of 4m width. It is also shown that for in-sag locations, a double-grate inlet is more preferable than the single one, because the former tends to reduce the adverse hydraulic effect of total inflow on water spread width. The effect of clogging factor on a multiple-grate inlet located in sag is determined from a simple expression suggested in this study.     

A numerical study of soil cover performance

In the investigation of soil cover design options for final decommissioning of reactive mine waste, it is often necessary to analyze or predict the anticipated cover performance as a function of the cost of implementation, which is governed by the type, number and thickness of the layers in the cover system. An example of such investigation is presented in this study where one-dimensional evaporation from hypothetical moisture-retaining cover systems is simulated to assess the influence of several cover properties and hydrogeologic parameters on performance. The commercially available transient flow model, SoilCover, was used to compute suction and water content profiles for different cover design scenarios. The predicted water content profile and porosity of layers were then used to estimate the oxygen diffusion coefficients of the various layers. The oxygen diffusion coefficients were used to estimate oxygen flux through the cover systems. The oxygen flux was, in turn, related to the maximum acid flux. The studied cover and hydrogeologic parameters included soil type, thickness of barriers, and water table elevation. Two types of infiltration and oxygen barrier and two types of capillary layer with different thicknesses were studied. The water table was either kept constant at the base of the waste (tailings) or dropped by 0.5, 1, 2, and 3m over 120 days. The results showed that the relationship between water table depression and the thickness of capillary layers, on one hand, and desaturation of the infiltration and oxygen barrier, on the other, is not linear. Relationships between oxygen flux and barrier thickness and between cost increase and performance improvement of the studied cover systems are presented. Finally, a method that outlines steps for site-specific and economically feasible design of multi-layer cover systems is introduced.