Spatial Organization Mechanism of Aircraft Manufacturing

Unquestionably, aircraft industry plays an important part in both economy and security of a nation. However, few of articles have dealt with the spatial development of this industry sector. The purpose of this article is to analyze the dynamics of agglomeration and diffusion of aircraft industry.In a historical view, with some spatial analysis methods, this research discusses the characteristics and patterns of aircraft industry's spatial organization and evolution, globally, nationally and regionally respectively. We find out there is a 'Matthew effect' in aircraft industry of the world, and the spatial evolution of the industry is consistent with the nation's industrialization process. Then, it concludes that the main agglomeration forces consist of capital, talents, technology and cluster's advantages, and the main diffusion forces include comparative advantages, cost and risk sharing, emerging markets, development policy for backward regions and military requirements. All the factors can be divided into market forces making the spatial development of aircraft industry normal and non-market forces making that irregular. In particular, lessons from the USA and France are expected to be conducive to the rise of China's aircraft industry in the future.     

穿层钻孔有效抽采半径的测定

钻孔的有效抽采半径是在矿井瓦斯抽采设计中的一个关键性参数。准确测定钻孔的有效抽采半径,有利于合理布置瓦斯的抽采钻孔,实现最佳设计、最小工程量和最优抽采效果。根据实际煤层的存在条件,首先采用压降法对矿井试验区内穿层抽采钻孔有效抽采半径和水力冲孔抽采钻孔有效抽采半径进行实测。然后通过Comsol Multiphysics数值模拟软件建立穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采的数值计算模型,所得模拟结果与现场实测数据基本一致。这证明了现场实测结果的正确性和方法的可靠性。该钻孔的有效抽采半径的测定结果可为金牛建业煤矿技改井二1煤层预抽煤层瓦斯的钻孔设计提供参考。     

深埋管道中泄漏孔对燃气泄漏影响的数值模拟*

为研究泄漏孔的各种因素对深埋土体中燃气管道泄漏的具体影响,采用1个包含燃气管道的三维模型,研究单个泄漏孔的大小、位置、形状对于埋地燃气管道泄漏的影响,并建立大小相等的双泄漏孔的燃气管道,确定双泄漏孔间距对于燃气泄漏扩散的影响。结果表明:泄漏孔越大,燃气在土壤中的扩散速度越快,且泄漏孔的大小对深埋燃气管道泄漏的影响最大;泄漏孔位置的影响次之,顶部与侧壁的泄漏孔扩散速度相差无几,底部泄漏孔的扩散速度远低于前2者;双泄漏孔间距的影响较小,双泄漏孔的距离越小,甲烷的扩散速度越快;泄漏孔形状对于深埋燃气管道泄漏扩散的影响非常小。     

基于EFDC水动力-水质模型的建立--以慈湖河为例

本文根据马鞍山市慈湖河流域水环境现状,结合当地政府对慈湖河的管理整治目标,选择EFDC水动力-水质模型作为慈湖河水环境模型。并根据慈湖河流域整体情况对时间空间进行概化。时间概化上,最终确定水动力学模拟时间步长为10s,水质模拟时间步长为20s;空间概化上,采用凸四边形网格概化,各网格之间为一维线性关系;通过CAD、GIS软件,将河道划分为106个网格,共计86行、24列,建立二维模型。通过研究参考文献及相似案例,最终确定本模型的参数和取值。将参数值输入程序中,对慈湖河流域2013年水质进行模拟计算。与马鞍山实际数据比对后发现,模型输出的水位、流速、水质结果在合理范围内。表明在慈湖河干流建立二维水质污染扩散模型,具有较高的拟合、预测精度和泛化能力,模型及方法可为相关水质预测研究提供参考。此外该模型可与web应用系统集成,应用于水质预警,模拟不同污染负荷情形下水质变化,模拟污染事故发生后不同应急措施对污染情况的改善效果,为污染控制和水环境管理工作提供科学依据。     

高架连续点源落地浓度预测中风速的确定

高架连续点源污染物排放落地浓度是大气环境影响预测的主要内容。由于大气污染物扩散明显受气象条件尤其是风速的影响,而现有预测模型中对于风速的取值都是按经验值来确定的。通过分析在不同气象和烟源条件下,平均风速的计算方法对烟羽抬升高度以及最大落地浓度产生的影响,与实测值相比较确定了风速取值的合理方法,缩小了预测偏差。     

黑龙江省雷暴发生规律及区划研究

利用相对频数法、t检验分析、信息扩散理论对黑龙江省1971-2000年80个气象站的雷暴时间、空间分布特征及变化规律进行分析研究,并结合G IS技术制成不同日数的雷暴概率区划图。研究得出：①30年来,黑龙江省雷暴天气总体上在波动中呈减少趋势,1976年、1987年为两突变年;年平均雷暴日数,中部、中南部最多,东部平原地区最少;全年雷暴最多日集中在6-8月,占全年的74%;②全省雷暴发生概率最高值区位于中部和中南部,最低值区位于东部。     

Analytical solution of two-dimensional solute transport in an aquifer–aquitard system

This study deals with two-dimensional solute transport in an aquifer–aquitard system by maintaining rigorous mass conservation at the aquifer–aquitard interface. Advection, longitudinal dispersion, and transverse vertical dispersion are considered in the aquifer. Vertical advection and diffusion are considered in the aquitards. The first-type and the third-type boundary conditions are considered in the aquifer. This study differs from the commonly used averaged approximation (AA) method that treats the mass flux between the aquifer and aquitard as an averaged volumetric source/sink term in the governing equation of transport in the aquifer. Analytical solutions of concentrations in the aquitards and aquifer and mass transported between the aquifer and upper or lower aquitard are obtained in the Laplace domain, and are subsequently inverted numerically to yield results in the real time domain (the Zhan method). The breakthrough curves (BTCs) and distribution profiles in the aquifer obtained in this study are drastically different from those obtained using the AA method. Comparison of the numerical simulation using the model MT3DMS and the Zhan method indicates that the numerical result differs from that of the Zhan method for an asymmetric case when aquitard advections are at the same direction. The AA method overestimates the mass transported into the upper aquitard when an upward advection exists in the upper aquitard. The mass transported between the aquifer and the aquitard is sensitive to the aquitard Peclet number, but less sensitive to the aquitard diffusion coefficient.     

Diffusive partitioning tracer test for the quantification of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in the vadose zone: Performance evaluation for heterogeneous NAPL distribution

A partitioning tracer test based on gas-phase diffusion in the vadose zone yields estimates of the residual nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) saturation. The present paper investigates this technique further by studying diffusive tracer breakthrough curves in the vadose zone for a heterogeneous NAPL distribution. Tracer experiments were performed in a lysimeter with a horizontal layer of artificial kerosene embedded in unsaturated sand. Tracer disappearance curves at the injection point and tracer breakthrough curves at some distance from the injection point were measured inside and outside of the NAPL layer. A numerical code was used to generate independent model predictions based on the physicochemical sand, NAPL, and tracer properties. The measured and modeled tracer breakthrough curves were in good agreement confirming the validity of important modeling assumptions such as negligible sorption of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) tracers to the uncontaminated sand and their fast reversible partitioning between the soil air and the NAPL phase. Subsequently, the model was used to investigate different configurations of NAPL contamination. The experimental and model results show that the tracer disappearance curves of a single-well diffusive partitioning tracer test (DPTT) are dominated by the near-field presence of NAPL around the tip of the soil gas probe. In contrast, breakthrough curves of inter-well tracer tests reflect the NAPL saturation in between the probes, although there is no unique interpretation of the tracer signals if the NAPL distribution is heterogeneous. Numerical modeling is useful for the planning of a DPTT application. Simulations suggest that several cubic meters of soil can be investigated with a single inter-well partitioning tracer test of 24-hour duration by placing the injection point in the center of the investigated soil volume and probes at up to 1 m distance for the monitoring of gaseous tracers.     

基于Fluent的井喷失控有毒气体扩散模拟研究

井喷是石油工业生产中比较常见的一种事故,特别是高含硫气井井喷后会造成重大的人员伤亡,研究H2S气井井喷后毒气扩散规律具有重要现实意义.基于重庆开县“12·23”井喷事件的初始数据,建立了具有障碍物的含H2S气井井喷事故模型.运用Fluent软件对不同高度的障碍物、不同风速、不同井口释放速率三种工况下的含H2S气井井喷扩散情况进行了模拟研究,得出了三种工况下1000ppmH2S的最远扩散距离,为高含硫气井的应急疏散和安全规划提供参考.     

强制通风下炼钢厂工作场所煤气泄漏扩散研究

为探索在强制通风条件下,炼钢厂工作场所煤气泄漏后在车间内的扩散规律和影响范围,以某炼钢厂为例,建立煤气泄漏扩散数学模型;对其离散格式、边界条件设定和气体性质定义;采用计算流体力学方法模拟煤气泄漏后CO的浓度变化过程以及不同监测点的CO浓度变化分布规律。模拟结果显示:在相同风压下,随着通风时间的增加,CO在呼气带的浓度逐渐降低;随着通风压力的增加,CO在呼气带的浓度降低得更快,特别是在泄漏停止后,通风压力的增加,使空气对流加快,新空气的进入使CO得到迅速的稀释;当通风压力从2 MPa到6 MPa递增时,距离地面1.5 m处6个水平监测点上CO浓度随时间变化无数量级差异;通过0.4 MPa和0.6 MPa压力的对比分析可以看出,0.6MPa通风压力具有明显的趋势变化。