Wave Enhancement of Diffusivities within Surficial Sediments

The enhancement of solute diffusivities within coastal surficial sediments as a result of wave action is examined. Fluctuating pressure gradients associated with passing waves cause interstitial water motions leading to enhanced diffusivities through the mechanism of shear dispersion. Wave amplification of diffusivities is likely to be greatest for waves of period 10 s, in shallow water, over a bottom of coarse grain. Diffusivity enhancement of hundreds of times molecular diffusivity is achievable. The mechanism is distinct from, but complements, the mechanism of rotational dispersion which has been previously described. Other mechanisms that enhance solute transport within surficial sediments rely on the interaction between wave-driven or steady flow over bottom obstructions such as biogenic structures or sand ripples. It is suggested that while the resulting advective flows may dominate solute transport within the top few 10 s of centimeters of the sediment column, shear dispersion may be more important deeper within the sediment. In any event, in contrast to these other mechanisms, shear dispersion is operative even when the seabed is flat. Application of the theory to sediments of the South Atlantic Bight would suggest that shear dispersion is capable of explaining a major part of the interstitial transport inferred from measurements.     

Comparison of distribution function estimators for forestry applications following variable probability sampling

Practical considerations often motivate employing variable probability sampling designs when estimating characteristics of forest populations. Three distribution function estimators, the Horvitz-Thompson estimator, a difference estimator, and a ratio estimator, are compared following variable probability sampling in which the inclusion probabilities are proportional to an auxiliary variable, X. Relative performance of the estimators is affected by several factors, including the distribution of the inclusion probabilities, the correlation () between X and the response Y, and the position along the distribution function being estimated. Both the ratio and difference estimators are superior to the Horvitz-Thompson estimator. The difference estimator gains better precision than the ratio estimator toward the upper portion of the distribution function, but the ratio estimator is superior toward the lower end of the distribution function. The point along the distribution function at which the difference estimator becomes more precise than the ratio estimator depends on the sampling design, as well as the coefficient of variation of X and . A simple confidence interval procedure provides close to nominal coverage for intervals constructed from both the difference and ratio estimators, with the exception that coverage may be poor for the lower tail of the distribution function when using the ratio estimator.     

微孔扩散管曝气试验

本文综术字在污水处理站使用离心鼓风机穿孔管大气泡浅 支暴气所引起的溶解氧不足。     

太原市大气扩散示踪试验

太原市位于山西中部,东、西两山夹峙,汾河南北中贯,地形北部较高,南部开放,西部有一缺口,是一个封闭不完全的盆地。风速较小,1971—1980年平均风速为2.5m/s,静风频率为24％。在无系统天气过境时,近地层气象十分复杂,城南和城北、河东和河西的地面风往往不同。 近年来,太原市大气污染日趋严重,我们于1985年10—11月在太原地区进行了大气扩散示踪试验,以期能对该地区大气污染物的输送和扩散有所了解。     

射流曝气的气液两相流的数值模拟

射流曝气在活性污泥处理方法中起着重要的作用。采用数值模拟的方法研究自吸式单级单喷射流器中的气液两相流动状况，通过对不同长径比和喷嘴面积比的射流曝气器模型的气液两相流的计算，定量分析长径比和喷嘴面积比对射流曝气器流场和空气与工作介质流量比的影响，为进一步设计开发新型高效的射流曝气器提供参考。     

Effective diffusivity of the uranyl ion in a granite from Inada, Ibaraki, Japan

The effective diffusivity of uranium(VI) in Inada granite has been determined by through-diffusion. Experiments were performed at room temperature (20–25°C) in a 0.1 mol 1⁻¹ KCl solution where uranium is present predominantly as the poorly sorbing UO₂²⁺. An effective diffusivity (D_e) of (3.6 ± 1.6) × 10⁻¹⁴ m² s⁻¹ was obtained, close to that for uranine (nonsorbing organic tracer), but one order of magnitude lower than those obtained for Sr²⁺ and NpO₂⁺, and two orders of magnitude lower than that obtained for I⁻. According to well established theory, a proportional relationship exists between D_e and the diffusivity in the bulk of the solution (D_v). The effective diffusivity obtained in granite was not proportional to D_v. This agrees with results obtained for effective diffusivity in a Swedish granite. The ratio D_e/D_v was found to be not constant but increased with D_e or D_v. This result suggests a limit to the application of the theory.     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

不同排海方式城市尾水微生物扩散规律

尾水中含有大量病原菌,回用或排入自然水体后会对人群健康和生态安全构成威胁.为了探究不同排海方式对微生物扩散规律的影响,本研究利用高通量测序技术对春季污水处理厂尾水细菌群落结构、优势菌群、典型致病菌及其随扩散距离的变化进行研究.结果发现,先排河后排海的尾水物种更加丰富,分布在58个菌纲,相对丰度大于1%的细菌有32种,而直接排海的尾水中仅有41个菌纲,相对丰度大于1%的细菌有28种.相对于直排过程,间排方式微生物群落结构相对丰度更高,说明尾水的直接排海使得微生物更易扩散.同一污水处理厂优势菌门所占比例随着扩散距离的增大整体呈下降趋势,蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria)等由于在自然水体中的高浓度出现随扩散距离增大整体上升的趋势.两个系统的优势菌门都属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)及厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),纲、种水平重合度较低,但整体来讲排污口附近微生物多样性及丰度远高于海水(空白样品),且污水处理相关菌种丰度较高.另外,尾水中存在一定量的致病菌和条件致病菌,其中Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis、Pseudomonas anguilliseptica致病性极强,扩散后相对丰度仍然很高,且弓形杆菌属(Arcobacter spp.)与人类和动物的腹泻、菌血症等疾病密切相关.因此,尾水排放过程中应对这几种细菌重点监测.     

天津地区污染天气分析中垂直扩散指标构建及运用

基于255 m气象塔风、温和PM_(2.5)质量浓度数据获取天津地区大气稳定度特征,利用中尺度大气化学模式构建垂直扩散指数β和φ,开展天津地区污染天气预报中垂直扩散分析方法的研究,以期提高天津地区重污染天气预报预警准确率.结果表明,综合运用大气稳定度、基于边界层平均PM_(2.5)质量浓度与近地面PM_(2.5)质量浓度比值构建的垂直扩散指数β,基于数值模式chemdiag功能(以CO为示踪物)构建的垂直扩散指数φ,可以在污染天气预报中较好的进行大气污染物垂直扩散能力分析.当07:00~08:00和18:00~20:00大气稳定度为D及以上时,相比大气稳定为C及以下时,出现重污染天气的概率成10倍的增加;使用垂直扩散指数β和风速双重指标判断重污染天气,比单一的风速指标判断准确率提升67%;垂直扩散指数φ与近地面PM_(2.5)质量浓度相关系数达到0.8,当垂直扩散指数φ小于0.52时,重污染天气概率75%,可识别59%的重污染天气.     

基于微积分的LPG和CNG喷射火模型建立和三维数值模拟

由液体和气体泄漏引发的喷射火灾事故屡见不鲜,而现有的喷射火模型却有诸多缺陷。将喷射火形状近似为圆锥,鉴于液体和气体的泄漏速度随压强和温度均有变化、点源离地面会有一定高度、风速对火焰倾角也有影响、圆锥喷射中心线上每个点源对目标的热辐射均不同等实际情况,新建液体和气体扩展半径的计算方法,引入风速对火焰高度和火焰偏角的作用,比较AGA法和Thornton模型,发现AGA法更加符合实际,再利用微积分原理建立三维点源喷射火模型,展示火焰形状对目标的影响,从而得出热辐射的最终危险性。最后以LPG和CNG储罐喷射火事故为例进行对比验证,首次模拟出喷射火的形状,更清晰准确地展示了目标入射热辐射通量随目标点位置的变化和危险范围,可为火焰阵面处的消防安全决策提供参考。