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981.
Circadian Rhythm of Heart Rate,Urinary Cortisol Excretion,and Sleep in Civil Air Traffic Controllers
Krystyna Zużewicz Krzysztof Kwarecki Jim Waterhouse 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(3):383-392
The examination of Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) from the Warsaw Airport (Poland) included 24-hr ECG monitoring. The participants were 10 civil ATCs, 9 males and 1 woman. The study was carried out on a group of 19 ATCs during their duty periods, 14 of them working 12-hr shifts and 5 performing 24-hr duties. The participants collected urine every 4 hrs, and Cortisol concentration was determined. Further, the survey included the quality and duration of sleep, and subjective fatigue in the 62 participants.In ATCs, shift work modifies natural rhythms of the circulatory system and decreases the ability for intensified mental work at night. In consequence ATCs experience frequent sleep disorders. 相似文献
982.
Gregory Z. Bedny Waldemar Karwowski Mark H. Seglin 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(2):121-133
This paper describes a hear-rate methodology to determine the cost-effectiveness of an ergonomics intervention to reduce workload and improve working conditions. This is a practical approach as opposed to the energy expenditure technique that is difficult to implement in natural settings. This was a laboratory study using a large excavator cabin with devices to simulate excavation operations. Mean heart rate was used to calculate the required rest time during a shift with or without air-conditioning. The criterion for evaluation was differences in required rest time during a shift under these 2 conditions. The simplicity and objectivity of this approach invites use to solve the problem of the economic evaluation of ergonomics interventions. 相似文献
983.
为研究走廊中防排烟的影响因素,采用数值模拟的方法,对排烟口布置方式、走廊净高度和排烟速率以及挡烟垂壁等因素进行分析.结果表明,排烟口的布置方式不同对排烟效果的影响很大;排烟口置于顶棚时比排烟口置于侧壁时排烟效率高,走廊内危险性低;走廊净高对烟气的沉降有非常明显的影响,走廊净高低,危险性大;高层建筑走廊机械排烟时,排烟速率对排烟效果影响很大;挡烟垂壁能够较好地降低挡烟垂壁下游走廊内的危险性. 相似文献
984.
Proximal mechanisms underlying a faster growth rate in male compared to female California sea lion pups were investigated.
Males are significantly larger at birth than females. Specifically, we asked if differential maternal investment contributed
to enhanced male growth via: (1) larger mothers having disproportionately more male pups, (2) more time and energy put into
foraging by mothers of male pups, and (3) greater milk production in mothers of male pups. We also considered four aspects
of differential energy utilization and acquisition by male and female pups: (1) male pups attempting to save energy for growth
by changes in behavior, (2) longer suckling bouts with mother and more sneak suckling of non-filial females by male pups,
(3) lower maintenance costs in males via a lowered resting metabolic rate, and (4) increased assimilation efficiency in males.
Our study showed that there are no differences in the size of females or length of foraging trips for mothers of male and
female pups. Male pups received more milk from their mothers, but the difference was no longer significant when the larger
body size of males was considered. There were no differences in either the activity budgets or suckling behavior of male and
female pups. Male pups, however, did have lower resting metabolic rates than females. We conclude that enhanced male perinatal
growth is a consequence of a larger size at birth, proportionally more milk from mothers to support the greater demands of
larger body size, and lower maintenance costs due to a lower resting metabolic rate.
Received: 28 April 1995/Accepted after revision: 25 July 1995 相似文献
985.
Whangapoua Estuary, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, is central to a proposed Marine Reserve, and is currently managed for
conservation by the Department of Conservation. This paper describes the sequential impacts of Maori and European people on
the process of estuarine vegetation succession in time and space, and the rate of estuarine sedimentation. Multiple cores
from one estuary gave confidence in assessing the temporal sequence of vegetation change, but bioturbation and other disturbance
factors made it difficult to interpret 14C dates from the estuarine environment. The modern vegetation zonation pattern on the estuary is an active succession, which
has been generated by rapid estuary in-filling, probably initiated as a consequence of erosion following Maori burning of
the adjacent forest. European forest clearance for agriculture resulted in a further increase in estuarine sedimentation,
and may have re-activated earlier sediments trapped in adjacent swamps. The combined effects of two phases of human exploitation
have resulted in large-scale loss of nutrients and top-soil from catchments throughout Great Barrier Island. Conservation
management of the estuary should take account of the anthropogenic impacts that have driven the plant succession and created
the current vegetation zonation pattern. This pattern is neither static nor ‘natural’, but rather an on-going response to
the changing human activities in the surrounding catchment. 相似文献
986.
R. Bruce Billings 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(2):341-345
ABSTRACT: Three alternative demand model estimators for water sold under block rate tariffs are examined. The models are conceptually discussed and empirically estimated using cross-section and time-series data from Tucson, Arizona. While all three techniques produce plausible elasticity estimates, the ordinary least squares and censored sample techniques are shown to produce statistically biased results. 相似文献
987.
988.
Macroalgal growth in nutrient-enriched estuaries: A biogeochemical and evolutionary perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Increased nutrient loading of a body of water leads to an increase in macroalgal growth. It is generally observed, however, that certain species thrive more than others, capitalising on the increased nutrient availability. These are usually small, fast-growing, ephemeral algae that often appear as nuisance blooms. This article discusses the correlation between nutrient increase and macroalgal bloom formation. From a historical perspective, the evolutionary history of nuisance macroalgae, and the habits available to them prior to anthropogenic influences on estuarine geochemistry are considered. The occurrence of macroalgal genera whose distribution is commonly related to estuaries with high nutrient loading is discussed, along with evidence suggesting that the ecophysiological traits of r-selected, ephemeral algae largely contribute to their ecological success and bloom-formation at nutrient-enriched sites. 相似文献
989.
Cytogenetic parameters (the mitotic rate and the frequency of pathological mitoses) of the seed offspring of weeping birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and the frequency of micronuclei in the buccal epithelium of children living in several raions (districts) of the city of Voronezh differing in environmental conditions were studied. Judging from these parameters, the environmental situation was the worst in the Sovetskii raion. A correlation was found between the frequency of pathological mitoses in the roots of birch seedlings and the frequency of micronuclei in the buccal epithelial cells of children. This indicates that the cytogenetic monitoring data obtained in plants may be extrapolated to man. 相似文献
990.
我国煤矿事故多发且后果严重,其安全生产形势严峻,而煤矿安全生产领域的工伤保险体制却存在着一些问题和不足。本文将我国煤矿现有的工伤保险与强制雇主责任保险相结合,提出了构建二元化的保险体系,即针对现有的工伤保险,结合煤矿安全生产的特点,建立主成分分析和聚类分析划分风险等级的模型,用来确定工伤保险费率,强调费率对企业安全状况的反馈,并充分利用工伤保险基金从技术上改进煤矿安全生产状况,同时引入强制雇主责任保险以便有效地转嫁矿难所带来的巨大风险。通过构建新的保险体系用来改善我国目前严峻的煤矿安全生产状况。 相似文献